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<dc:title>Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</dc:title>
<dc:creator>De Ferranti, David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, Francisco H.G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, Michael</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEALTH INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL EXCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO COURTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO CREDIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO JUSTICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO LAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGGREGATE INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CASH TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CITIZENS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COUNTRIES MUST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRISES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY BIAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMOCRACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GDP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GINI COEFFICIENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROUP INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HIGH INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DIFFERENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME QUINTILES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME SHARES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY MEASURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR FORCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND OWNERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LITERACY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURING INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MORTALITY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PENSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY REFORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL FINANCING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INFLUENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY INCIDENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC OFFICIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RULE OF LAW</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL ACTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL FUNDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TARGETING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX COMPLIANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAXATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEQUAL ACCESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WELL-BEING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>YOUTH</dc:subject>
<dc:description>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</dc:description>
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<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</dc:publisher>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:type>Publications & Research</dc:type>
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<dc:title>Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</dc:title>
<dc:creator>De Ferranti, David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, Francisco H.G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, Michael</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEALTH INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL EXCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO COURTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO CREDIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>ACCESS TO LAND</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGGREGATE INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CASH TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CITIZENS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COUNTRIES MUST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRISES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY BIAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMOCRACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GDP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GINI COEFFICIENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROUP INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HIGH INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DIFFERENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME QUINTILES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME SHARES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY MEASURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR FORCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND OWNERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LITERACY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURING INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MORTALITY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PENSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY REFORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL FINANCING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INFLUENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY INCIDENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>PUBLIC OFFICIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RULE OF LAW</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL ACTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL FUNDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TARGETING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX COMPLIANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAXATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEQUAL ACCESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WELL-BEING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>YOUTH</dc:subject>
<dc:description>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2013-08-12T17:55:50Z</dc:date>
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<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
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<dim:field element="description" mdschema="dc" qualifier="provenance">Step: finaleditstep - action:finalaction Approved for entry into archive by Stuart Tucker(stucker1@worldbank.org) on 2013-08-12T17:55:50Z (GMT)</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="description" lang="en" mdschema="dc" qualifier="abstract">With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</dim:field>
<dim:field element="language" mdschema="dc">English</dim:field>
<dim:field element="language" mdschema="dc" qualifier="iso">en_US</dim:field>
<dim:field element="publisher" mdschema="dc">Washington, DC: World Bank</dim:field>
<dim:field element="relation" mdschema="dc" qualifier="ispartofseries">World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dim:field>
<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc">CC BY 3.0 IGO</dim:field>
<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc" qualifier="uri">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dim:field>
<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc" qualifier="holder">World Bank</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INEQUALITY REDUCTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WEALTH INEQUALITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME INEQUALITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL INEQUITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL EXCLUSION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL INCLUSION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DISPUTE RESOLUTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO COURTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO CREDIT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO INFORMATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO JUSTICE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO LAND</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROPERTY RIGHTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">REDISTRIBUTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCOUNTABILITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">AGGREGATE INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CASH TRANSFERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CITIZENS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COUNTRIES MUST</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CRIME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CRISES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CRONY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CRONY BIAS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DATA SETS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEMOCRACY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC GROWTH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMISTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ELASTICITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ELASTICITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EQUAL COUNTRIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GDP</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GINI COEFFICIENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GROUP INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HIGH INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HOUSEHOLD INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HUMAN CAPITAL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HUMAN RIGHTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME DIFFERENCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME ELASTICITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME GROWTH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME QUINTILES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME SHARES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME TRANSFERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INEQUALITY MEASURES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INSURANCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LABOR FORCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LABOR INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LABOR MARKET</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LABOR MARKET POLICIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LABOR MARKETS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LAND INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LAND OWNERSHIP</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LAND USE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LITERACY RATES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MACROECONOMIC POLICY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MEAN INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MEAN INCOMES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MEASURING INEQUALITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MORTALITY RATES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NATURAL RESOURCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NET INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PENSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PER CAPITA INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PERSONAL INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLICY REFORMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLICY RESEARCH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLITICAL FINANCING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLITICAL INFLUENCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POOR</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POVERTY INCIDENCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POVERTY REDUCTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRICE CHANGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIMARY EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROGRAMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROPERTY RIGHTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC OFFICIALS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC SPENDING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC TRANSFERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RULE OF LAW</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL ACTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL CAPITAL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL CONDITIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL FUNDS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL SECURITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL SPENDING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TARGETING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TAX COMPLIANCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TAX RATES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TAX REVENUE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TAX REVENUES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TAXATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">UNEMPLOYMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">UNEQUAL ACCESS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WAGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WELL-BEING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">YOUTH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="title" lang="en" mdschema="dc">Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</dim:field>
<dim:field element="title" lang="en" mdschema="dc" qualifier="alternative">Desigualdad en America Latina : rompiendo con la historia?</dim:field>
</dim:dim>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<thesis schemaLocation="http://www.ndltd.org/standards/metadata/etdms/1.0/ http://www.ndltd.org/standards/metadata/etdms/1.0/etdms.xsd">
<title>Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</title>
<creator>De Ferranti, David</creator>
<creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</creator>
<creator>Ferreira, Francisco H.G.</creator>
<creator>Walton, Michael</creator>
<subject>INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>INEQUALITY REDUCTION</subject>
<subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</subject>
<subject>WEALTH INEQUALITIES</subject>
<subject>INCOME INEQUALITIES</subject>
<subject>EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</subject>
<subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</subject>
<subject>POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL INEQUITY</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</subject>
<subject>COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL EXCLUSION</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL INCLUSION</subject>
<subject>MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</subject>
<subject>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</subject>
<subject>CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</subject>
<subject>FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO COURTS</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO CREDIT</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO ENERGY</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO INFORMATION</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO JUSTICE</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO LAND</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</subject>
<subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</subject>
<subject>INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</subject>
<subject>REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</subject>
<subject>REDISTRIBUTION</subject>
<subject>REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</subject>
<subject>ACCOUNTABILITY</subject>
<subject>AGGREGATE INCOME</subject>
<subject>CASH TRANSFERS</subject>
<subject>CITIZENS</subject>
<subject>CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</subject>
<subject>CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</subject>
<subject>COUNTRIES MUST</subject>
<subject>CRIME</subject>
<subject>CRISES</subject>
<subject>CRONY</subject>
<subject>CRONY BIAS</subject>
<subject>CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</subject>
<subject>DATA SETS</subject>
<subject>DEMOCRACY</subject>
<subject>DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</subject>
<subject>DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</subject>
<subject>DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</subject>
<subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</subject>
<subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</subject>
<subject>ECONOMISTS</subject>
<subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</subject>
<subject>ELASTICITIES</subject>
<subject>ELASTICITY</subject>
<subject>ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</subject>
<subject>EQUAL COUNTRIES</subject>
<subject>FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</subject>
<subject>FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</subject>
<subject>GDP</subject>
<subject>GINI COEFFICIENT</subject>
<subject>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</subject>
<subject>GROUP INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>HIGH INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>HOUSEHOLD INCOME</subject>
<subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</subject>
<subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</subject>
<subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</subject>
<subject>INCOME</subject>
<subject>INCOME DIFFERENCES</subject>
<subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</subject>
<subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</subject>
<subject>INCOME ELASTICITY</subject>
<subject>INCOME GROWTH</subject>
<subject>INCOME INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>INCOME QUINTILES</subject>
<subject>INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</subject>
<subject>INCOME SHARES</subject>
<subject>INCOME TRANSFERS</subject>
<subject>INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>INEQUALITY MEASURES</subject>
<subject>INSURANCE</subject>
<subject>INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</subject>
<subject>LABOR FORCE</subject>
<subject>LABOR INCOME</subject>
<subject>LABOR MARKET</subject>
<subject>LABOR MARKET POLICIES</subject>
<subject>LABOR MARKETS</subject>
<subject>LAND INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>LAND OWNERSHIP</subject>
<subject>LAND USE</subject>
<subject>LITERACY RATES</subject>
<subject>MACROECONOMIC POLICY</subject>
<subject>MEAN INCOME</subject>
<subject>MEAN INCOMES</subject>
<subject>MEASURING INEQUALITY</subject>
<subject>MORTALITY RATES</subject>
<subject>NATURAL RESOURCES</subject>
<subject>NET INCOME</subject>
<subject>PENSIONS</subject>
<subject>PER CAPITA INCOME</subject>
<subject>PERSONAL INCOME</subject>
<subject>PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</subject>
<subject>POLICY REFORMS</subject>
<subject>POLICY RESEARCH</subject>
<subject>POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</subject>
<subject>POLITICAL FINANCING</subject>
<subject>POLITICAL INFLUENCE</subject>
<subject>POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</subject>
<subject>POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</subject>
<subject>POOR</subject>
<subject>POVERTY INCIDENCE</subject>
<subject>POVERTY REDUCTION</subject>
<subject>PRICE CHANGES</subject>
<subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>PROGRAMS</subject>
<subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC OFFICIALS</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC SPENDING</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC TRANSFERS</subject>
<subject>REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</subject>
<subject>RULE OF LAW</subject>
<subject>SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL ACTION</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL CAPITAL</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL CHANGE</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL CONDITIONS</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL FUNDS</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL SECURITY</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL SPENDING</subject>
<subject>SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</subject>
<subject>TARGETING</subject>
<subject>TAX COMPLIANCE</subject>
<subject>TAX RATES</subject>
<subject>TAX REVENUE</subject>
<subject>TAX REVENUES</subject>
<subject>TAXATION</subject>
<subject>UNEMPLOYMENT</subject>
<subject>UNEQUAL ACCESS</subject>
<subject>WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</subject>
<subject>WAGES</subject>
<subject>WELL-BEING</subject>
<subject>YOUTH</subject>
<description>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</description>
<date>2013-08-12</date>
<date>2013-08-12</date>
<date>2004</date>
<identifier>0-8213-5665-8</identifier>
<identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15009</identifier>
<language>en_US</language>
<relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</relation>
<rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</rights>
<rights>World Bank</rights>
<rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</rights>
<publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</publisher>
</thesis>
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<subfield code="a">With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</subfield>
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<mods:abstract>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</mods:abstract>
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<mods:languageTerm authority="rfc3066">en_US</mods:languageTerm>
</mods:language>
<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">CC BY 3.0 IGO</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INEQUALITY REDUCTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WEALTH INEQUALITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME INEQUALITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL INEQUITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL EXCLUSION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL INCLUSION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO COURTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO CREDIT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO INFORMATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO JUSTICE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO LAND</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROPERTY RIGHTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>REDISTRIBUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCOUNTABILITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>AGGREGATE INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CASH TRANSFERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CITIZENS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COUNTRIES MUST</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CRIME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CRISES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CRONY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CRONY BIAS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DATA SETS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEMOCRACY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC GROWTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMISTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELASTICITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELASTICITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EQUAL COUNTRIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GDP</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GINI COEFFICIENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GROUP INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HIGH INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HOUSEHOLD INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HUMAN CAPITAL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HUMAN RIGHTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME DIFFERENCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME ELASTICITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME GROWTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME QUINTILES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME SHARES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME TRANSFERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INEQUALITY MEASURES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INSURANCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LABOR FORCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LABOR INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LABOR MARKET</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LABOR MARKET POLICIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LABOR MARKETS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LAND INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LAND OWNERSHIP</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LAND USE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LITERACY RATES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MACROECONOMIC POLICY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MEAN INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MEAN INCOMES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MEASURING INEQUALITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MORTALITY RATES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NATURAL RESOURCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NET INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PENSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PER CAPITA INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PERSONAL INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLICY REFORMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLICY RESEARCH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLITICAL FINANCING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLITICAL INFLUENCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POOR</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POVERTY INCIDENCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POVERTY REDUCTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRICE CHANGES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIMARY EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROGRAMS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROPERTY RIGHTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC OFFICIALS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC SPENDING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC TRANSFERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RULE OF LAW</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL ACTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL CAPITAL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL CHANGE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL CONDITIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL FUNDS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL SECURITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL SPENDING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TARGETING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TAX COMPLIANCE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TAX RATES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TAX REVENUES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>UNEMPLOYMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>UNEQUAL ACCESS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WAGES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WELL-BEING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>YOUTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</mods:title>
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<mods:abstract>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</mods:abstract>
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<dc:title>Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</dc:title>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEALTH INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL EXCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO COURTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO CREDIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO JUSTICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO LAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGGREGATE INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CASH TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CITIZENS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COUNTRIES MUST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRISES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY BIAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMOCRACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GDP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GINI COEFFICIENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROUP INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HIGH INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DIFFERENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME QUINTILES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME SHARES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY MEASURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR FORCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND OWNERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LITERACY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURING INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MORTALITY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PENSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY REFORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL FINANCING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INFLUENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY INCIDENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC OFFICIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RULE OF LAW</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL ACTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL FUNDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TARGETING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX COMPLIANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAXATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEQUAL ACCESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WELL-BEING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>YOUTH</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
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<dc:title>Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</dc:title>
<dc:creator>De Ferranti, David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Ferreira, Francisco H.G.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walton, Michael</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEALTH INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INEQUITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL EXCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL INCLUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISPUTE RESOLUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO COURTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO CREDIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO JUSTICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO LAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ACCOUNTABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGGREGATE INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CASH TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CITIZENS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COUNTRIES MUST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRISES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CRONY BIAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMOCRACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUAL COUNTRIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GDP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GINI COEFFICIENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROUP INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HIGH INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DIFFERENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME ELASTICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME QUINTILES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME SHARES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY MEASURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR FORCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND OWNERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LITERACY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MACROECONOMIC POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEAN INCOMES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURING INEQUALITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MORTALITY RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PENSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY REFORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL FINANCING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INFLUENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY INCIDENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POVERTY REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROGRAMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC OFFICIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC TRANSFERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RULE OF LAW</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL ACTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL CONDITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL FUNDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TARGETING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX COMPLIANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX REVENUES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAXATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNEQUAL ACCESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WELL-BEING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>YOUTH</dc:subject>
<dc:description>With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2013-08-12T17:55:50Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2013-08-12T17:55:50Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2004</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>0-8213-5665-8</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15009</dc:identifier>
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<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
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<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</dc:publisher>
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<dc:type>Publications & Research</dc:type>
<dc:identifier>28989</dc:identifier>
<dc:coverage>Latin America & Caribbean</dc:coverage>
<dc:subject>Poverty Reduction :: Poverty Impact Evaluation</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Services and Transfers to Poor</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Poverty Reduction :: Inequality</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Environmental Economics and Policies</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Governance :: Governance Indicators</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Environment</dc:subject>
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<field name="value">Step: finaleditstep - action:finalaction Approved for entry into archive by Stuart Tucker(stucker1@worldbank.org) on 2013-08-12T17:55:50Z (GMT)</field>
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<element name="abstract">
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<field name="value">With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This report explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. To address the deep historical roots of inequality in Latin America, and the powerful contemporary economic, political and social mechanisms that sustain it, Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean outlines four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break this destructive pattern: 1) Build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society. 2) Ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times. 3) Increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services. Protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor. 4) Reform income transfer programs so that they reach the poorest families.</field>
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<element name="language">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">English</field>
</element>
<element name="iso">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">en_US</field>
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<element name="publisher">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">Washington, DC: World Bank</field>
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<element name="relation">
<element name="ispartofseries">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</field>
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<element name="rights">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">CC BY 3.0 IGO</field>
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<element name="uri">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</field>
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<element name="holder">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">World Bank</field>
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<element name="subject">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">INEQUALITY REDUCTION</field>
<field name="value">INCOME DISTRIBUTION</field>
<field name="value">WEALTH INEQUALITIES</field>
<field name="value">INCOME INEQUALITIES</field>
<field name="value">EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES</field>
<field name="value">HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA</field>
<field name="value">POLITICAL ACCOUNTABILITY</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL INEQUITY</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS</field>
<field name="value">COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL EXCLUSION</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL INCLUSION</field>
<field name="value">MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT</field>
<field name="value">DISPUTE RESOLUTION</field>
<field name="value">CONFLICT MANAGEMENT</field>
<field name="value">FAIRNESS & IMPARTIALITY</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO COURTS</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO CREDIT</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO EDUCATION</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO ENERGY</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO INFORMATION</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO JUDICIAL SYSTEMS</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO JUSTICE</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO LAND</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO SAFE WATER</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO SECONDARY EDUCATION</field>
<field name="value">ACCESS TO WATER SOURCES</field>
<field name="value">PROPERTY RIGHTS</field>
<field name="value">INCOME TRANSFER PROGRAMS</field>
<field name="value">REGRESSIVE TRANSFERS</field>
<field name="value">REDISTRIBUTION</field>
<field name="value">REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ACCESS TO SERVICES</field>
<field name="value">ACCOUNTABILITY</field>
<field name="value">AGGREGATE INCOME</field>
<field name="value">CASH TRANSFERS</field>
<field name="value">CITIZENS</field>
<field name="value">CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENTS</field>
<field name="value">CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</field>
<field name="value">COUNTRIES MUST</field>
<field name="value">CRIME</field>
<field name="value">CRISES</field>
<field name="value">CRONY</field>
<field name="value">CRONY BIAS</field>
<field name="value">CROSS-COUNTRY REGRESSION</field>
<field name="value">DATA SETS</field>
<field name="value">DEMOCRACY</field>
<field name="value">DEVELOPED COUNTRIES</field>
<field name="value">DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES</field>
<field name="value">DIFFERENCES IN INCOME</field>
<field name="value">DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICTS</field>
<field name="value">DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACT</field>
<field name="value">ECONOMIC CONDITIONS</field>
<field name="value">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</field>
<field name="value">ECONOMIC GROWTH</field>
<field name="value">ECONOMIC MECHANISMS</field>
<field name="value">ECONOMISTS</field>
<field name="value">EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</field>
<field name="value">ELASTICITIES</field>
<field name="value">ELASTICITY</field>
<field name="value">ELASTICITY OF POVERTY</field>
<field name="value">EQUAL COUNTRIES</field>
<field name="value">FACTOR ENDOWMENTS</field>
<field name="value">FOOD POLICY RESEARCH</field>
<field name="value">GDP</field>
<field name="value">GINI COEFFICIENT</field>
<field name="value">GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES</field>
<field name="value">GROUP INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">HIGH INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">HOUSEHOLD INCOME</field>
<field name="value">HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS</field>
<field name="value">HUMAN CAPITAL</field>
<field name="value">HUMAN RIGHTS</field>
<field name="value">INCOME</field>
<field name="value">INCOME DIFFERENCES</field>
<field name="value">INCOME DISTRIBUTION</field>
<field name="value">INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS</field>
<field name="value">INCOME ELASTICITY</field>
<field name="value">INCOME GROWTH</field>
<field name="value">INCOME INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">INCOME QUINTILES</field>
<field name="value">INCOME REDISTRIBUTION</field>
<field name="value">INCOME SHARES</field>
<field name="value">INCOME TRANSFERS</field>
<field name="value">INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">INEQUALITY MEASURES</field>
<field name="value">INSURANCE</field>
<field name="value">INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES</field>
<field name="value">LABOR FORCE</field>
<field name="value">LABOR INCOME</field>
<field name="value">LABOR MARKET</field>
<field name="value">LABOR MARKET POLICIES</field>
<field name="value">LABOR MARKETS</field>
<field name="value">LAND INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">LAND OWNERSHIP</field>
<field name="value">LAND USE</field>
<field name="value">LITERACY RATES</field>
<field name="value">MACROECONOMIC POLICY</field>
<field name="value">MEAN INCOME</field>
<field name="value">MEAN INCOMES</field>
<field name="value">MEASURING INEQUALITY</field>
<field name="value">MORTALITY RATES</field>
<field name="value">NATURAL RESOURCES</field>
<field name="value">NET INCOME</field>
<field name="value">PENSIONS</field>
<field name="value">PER CAPITA INCOME</field>
<field name="value">PERSONAL INCOME</field>
<field name="value">PERSONAL INCOME TAXES</field>
<field name="value">POLICY REFORMS</field>
<field name="value">POLICY RESEARCH</field>
<field name="value">POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM</field>
<field name="value">POLITICAL FINANCING</field>
<field name="value">POLITICAL INFLUENCE</field>
<field name="value">POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS</field>
<field name="value">POLITICAL LEADERSHIP</field>
<field name="value">POOR</field>
<field name="value">POVERTY INCIDENCE</field>
<field name="value">POVERTY REDUCTION</field>
<field name="value">PRICE CHANGES</field>
<field name="value">PRIMARY EDUCATION</field>
<field name="value">PROGRAMS</field>
<field name="value">PROPERTY RIGHTS</field>
<field name="value">PUBLIC EXPENDITURE</field>
<field name="value">PUBLIC EXPENDITURES</field>
<field name="value">PUBLIC OFFICIALS</field>
<field name="value">PUBLIC SPENDING</field>
<field name="value">PUBLIC TRANSFERS</field>
<field name="value">REAL PER CAPITA INCOME</field>
<field name="value">RULE OF LAW</field>
<field name="value">SIGNIFICANT IMPACT</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL ACTION</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL CAPITAL</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL CHANGE</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL CONDITIONS</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL FUNDS</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL SECURITY</field>
<field name="value">SOCIAL SPENDING</field>
<field name="value">SUBNATIONAL LEVELS</field>
<field name="value">TARGETING</field>
<field name="value">TAX COMPLIANCE</field>
<field name="value">TAX RATES</field>
<field name="value">TAX REVENUE</field>
<field name="value">TAX REVENUES</field>
<field name="value">TAXATION</field>
<field name="value">UNEMPLOYMENT</field>
<field name="value">UNEQUAL ACCESS</field>
<field name="value">WAGE DIFFERENTIALS</field>
<field name="value">WAGES</field>
<field name="value">WELL-BEING</field>
<field name="value">YOUTH</field>
</element>
</element>
<element name="title">
<element name="en">
<field name="value">Inequality in Latin America : Breaking with History?</field>
</element>
<element name="alternative">
<element name="en">
<field name="value">Desigualdad en America Latina : rompiendo con la historia?</field>
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<field name="value">4416993</field>
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<field name="value">10.1596/0-8213-5665-8</field>
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<element name="docurl">
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<field name="value">http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2004/04/4416993/inequality-latin-america-breaking-history</field>
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<field name="value">Poverty Reduction :: Poverty Impact Evaluation</field>
<field name="value">Services and Transfers to Poor</field>
<field name="value">Poverty Reduction :: Inequality</field>
<field name="value">Environmental Economics and Policies</field>
<field name="value">Governance :: Governance Indicators</field>
<field name="value">Environment</field>
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<field name="value">Publications & Research</field>
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<field name="value">Academic Peer Review</field>
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<element name="globalpractice">
<element name="none">
<field name="value">Poverty</field>
<field name="value">Environment and Natural Resources</field>
<field name="value">Governance</field>
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<element name="supported">
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