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<dc:title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</dc:title>
<dc:creator>De Ferranti, David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, Indermit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guasch, J. Luis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, William F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schady, Norbert</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADDITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADULT POPULATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGED</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BRAIN DRAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLLABORATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CREATIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIGITAL DIVIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENROLLMENT RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAP IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORT PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCENTIVES REGIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY IN WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION NETWORKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF SKILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIFELONG LEARNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MATHEMATICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MIGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT REGISTRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRESENT VALUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY SCHOOL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER PARITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RATES OF RETURN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL UPGRADING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED ARTISANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED LABOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLS RECRUITMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUPPLY OF WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:description>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2003</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>0-8213-5172-9</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15168</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>English</dc:language>
<dc:language>en_US</dc:language>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
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<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</dc:publisher>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:coverage>Latin America & Caribbean</dc:coverage>
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<dc:title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</dc:title>
<dc:creator>De Ferranti, David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, Indermit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guasch, J. Luis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, William F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schady, Norbert</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADDITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADULT POPULATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGED</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BRAIN DRAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLLABORATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CREATIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIGITAL DIVIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENROLLMENT RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAP IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORT PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCENTIVES REGIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY IN WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION NETWORKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF SKILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIFELONG LEARNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MATHEMATICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MIGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT REGISTRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRESENT VALUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY SCHOOL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER PARITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RATES OF RETURN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL UPGRADING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED ARTISANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED LABOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLS RECRUITMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUPPLY OF WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:description>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2003</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>0-8213-5172-9</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15168</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>en_US</dc:language>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
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<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
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<dim:field element="description" lang="en" mdschema="dc" qualifier="abstract">This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</dim:field>
<dim:field element="language" mdschema="dc">English</dim:field>
<dim:field element="language" mdschema="dc" qualifier="iso">en_US</dim:field>
<dim:field element="publisher" mdschema="dc">Washington, DC: World Bank</dim:field>
<dim:field element="relation" mdschema="dc" qualifier="ispartofseries">World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dim:field>
<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc">CC BY 3.0 IGO</dim:field>
<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc" qualifier="uri">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dim:field>
<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc" qualifier="holder">World Bank</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ADAPTATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ADAPTIVE R&D</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ADDITION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ADULT POPULATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">AGED</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">BRAIN DRAIN</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CAPITA INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CAPITAL GOODS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CHANGES IN EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COLLABORATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CREATIVE R&D</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DATA SOURCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEMAND FOR SKILLS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DIGITAL DIVIDE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC GROWTH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATED WORKERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATION MARKET</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATION POLICIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATION SPENDING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATION SYSTEM</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ELASTICITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMPLOYMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENGINEERING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENGINEERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENROLLMENT RATES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EXPENDITURES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GAP IN EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL ECONOMY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GOVERNMENT POLICY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HUMAN CAPITAL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">IMPORT PENETRATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">IMPORTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCENTIVES REGIME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME LEVELS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INEQUALITY IN WAGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INNOVATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INNOVATION NETWORKS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INNOVATION POLICIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INTERVENTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LABOR MARKET</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LEVEL OF EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LEVEL OF SKILL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LIFELONG LEARNING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MATHEMATICS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MIGRATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NUMBER OF PATENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PATENT PROTECTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PATENT REGISTRATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PATENT RIGHTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLICY INSTRUMENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRESENT VALUE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIMARY SCHOOL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIVATE PROVIDERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIVATE R&D</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIVATE SECTOR</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRODUCTIVITY GAP</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC R&D</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC RESEARCH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PURCHASING POWER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PURCHASING POWER PARITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">R&D</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RATES OF RETURN</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SCIENTISTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILL GAP</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILL UPGRADING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILLED ARTISANS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILLED LABOR</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILLED WORKERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILLS RECRUITMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SUPPLY OF WORKERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGY GAP</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGY POLICY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TERTIARY EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TRAINING PROVIDERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRODUCTIVITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GOVERNMENT POLICY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INNOVATIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TRAINING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CAPITAL GOODS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">IMPORTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PATENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SKILLED WORKERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROPERTY RIGHTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SYSTEMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIMARY EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SECONDARY EDUCATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="title" lang="en" mdschema="dc">Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</dim:field>
<dim:field element="title" lang="en" mdschema="dc" qualifier="alternative">Cerrar la brecha en educacion y technologia</dim:field>
</dim:dim>
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<title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</title>
<creator>De Ferranti, David</creator>
<creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</creator>
<creator>Gill, Indermit</creator>
<creator>Guasch, J. Luis</creator>
<creator>Maloney, William F.</creator>
<creator>Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina</creator>
<creator>Schady, Norbert</creator>
<subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>ADAPTATION</subject>
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<subject>ADDITION</subject>
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<subject>AGED</subject>
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<subject>COLLABORATION</subject>
<subject>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</subject>
<subject>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</subject>
<subject>CREATIVE R&D</subject>
<subject>DATA SOURCES</subject>
<subject>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</subject>
<subject>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</subject>
<subject>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</subject>
<subject>DIGITAL DIVIDE</subject>
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<subject>EDUCATED WORKERS</subject>
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<subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</subject>
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<subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</subject>
<subject>HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</subject>
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<subject>IMPORTS</subject>
<subject>INCENTIVES REGIME</subject>
<subject>INCOME LEVELS</subject>
<subject>INEQUALITY IN WAGES</subject>
<subject>INNOVATION</subject>
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<subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</subject>
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<subject>KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</subject>
<subject>KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</subject>
<subject>LABOR MARKET</subject>
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<subject>LEVEL OF SKILL</subject>
<subject>LIFELONG LEARNING</subject>
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<subject>MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</subject>
<subject>MIGRATION</subject>
<subject>NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</subject>
<subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</subject>
<subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</subject>
<subject>NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</subject>
<subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS</subject>
<subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</subject>
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<subject>PATENT REGISTRATION</subject>
<subject>PATENT RIGHTS</subject>
<subject>PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</subject>
<subject>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</subject>
<subject>PRESENT VALUE</subject>
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<subject>PRIVATE PROVIDERS</subject>
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<subject>PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</subject>
<subject>PRIVATE SECTOR</subject>
<subject>PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</subject>
<subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAP</subject>
<subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</subject>
<subject>PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC R&D</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC RESEARCH</subject>
<subject>PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</subject>
<subject>PURCHASING POWER</subject>
<subject>PURCHASING POWER PARITY</subject>
<subject>R&D</subject>
<subject>RATES OF RETURN</subject>
<subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</subject>
<subject>SCIENTISTS</subject>
<subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</subject>
<subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</subject>
<subject>SKILL GAP</subject>
<subject>SKILL UPGRADING</subject>
<subject>SKILLED ARTISANS</subject>
<subject>SKILLED LABOR</subject>
<subject>SKILLED WORKERS</subject>
<subject>SKILLS RECRUITMENT</subject>
<subject>SUPPLY OF WORKERS</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGY GAP</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGY POLICY</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</subject>
<subject>TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</subject>
<subject>TERTIARY EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</subject>
<subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</subject>
<subject>TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</subject>
<subject>TRAINING PROVIDERS</subject>
<subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</subject>
<subject>KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</subject>
<subject>PRODUCTIVITY</subject>
<subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</subject>
<subject>INNOVATIONS</subject>
<subject>TRAINING</subject>
<subject>EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</subject>
<subject>CAPITAL GOODS</subject>
<subject>IMPORTS</subject>
<subject>PATENTS</subject>
<subject>SKILLED WORKERS</subject>
<subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</subject>
<subject>SYSTEMS</subject>
<subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</subject>
<subject>SECONDARY EDUCATION</subject>
<description>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</description>
<date>2013-08-19</date>
<date>2013-08-19</date>
<date>2003</date>
<identifier>0-8213-5172-9</identifier>
<identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15168</identifier>
<language>en_US</language>
<relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</relation>
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<rights>World Bank</rights>
<rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</rights>
<publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</publisher>
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<subfield code="a">ADAPTATION</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">ADAPTIVE R&D</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">ADDITION</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">ADULT POPULATION</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">AGED</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">BRAIN DRAIN</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">CAPITA INCOME</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">CAPITAL GOODS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">CHANGES IN EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">COLLABORATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">CREATIVE R&D</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">DATA SOURCES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">DEMAND FOR SKILLS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">DIGITAL DIVIDE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ECONOMIC GROWTH</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EDUCATED WORKERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EDUCATION MARKET</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">EDUCATION POLICIES</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">EDUCATION SPENDING</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EDUCATION SYSTEM</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ELASTICITIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMPLOYMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENGINEERING</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">ENGINEERS</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">ENROLLMENT RATES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EXPENDITURES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GAP IN EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL ECONOMY</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">GOVERNMENT POLICY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">HUMAN CAPITAL</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">IMPORT PENETRATION</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">IMPORTS</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">INCENTIVES REGIME</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">INCOME LEVELS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INEQUALITY IN WAGES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INNOVATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INNOVATION NETWORKS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INNOVATION POLICIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INTERVENTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LABOR MARKET</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LEVEL OF EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LEVEL OF SKILL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LIFELONG LEARNING</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MATHEMATICS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MIGRATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NUMBER OF PATENTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PATENT PROTECTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PATENT REGISTRATION</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">PATENT RIGHTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">POLICY INSTRUMENTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRESENT VALUE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIMARY SCHOOL</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIVATE PROVIDERS</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">PRIVATE R&D</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIVATE SECTOR</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRODUCTIVITY GAP</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">PUBLIC R&D</subfield>
</datafield>
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<subfield code="a">PUBLIC RESEARCH</subfield>
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<subfield code="a">PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PURCHASING POWER</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PURCHASING POWER PARITY</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">R&D</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RATES OF RETURN</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SCIENTISTS</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILL GAP</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILL UPGRADING</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILLED ARTISANS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILLED LABOR</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILLED WORKERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILLS RECRUITMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SUPPLY OF WORKERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGY GAP</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGY POLICY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TERTIARY EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TRAINING PROVIDERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRODUCTIVITY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GOVERNMENT POLICY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INNOVATIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TRAINING</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">CAPITAL GOODS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">IMPORTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PATENTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SKILLED WORKERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PROPERTY RIGHTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SYSTEMS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIMARY EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SECONDARY EDUCATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1="0" ind2="0" tag="245">
<subfield code="a">Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</subfield>
</datafield>
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<mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>De Ferranti, David</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Perry, Guillermo E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gill, Indermit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guasch, J. Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Maloney, William F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name>
<mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schady, Norbert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateAccessioned encoding="iso8601">2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</mods:dateAccessioned>
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<mods:dateIssued encoding="iso8601">2003</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:identifier type="isbn">0-8213-5172-9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="uri">http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15168</mods:identifier>
<mods:abstract>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</mods:abstract>
<mods:language>
<mods:languageTerm authority="rfc3066">en_US</mods:languageTerm>
</mods:language>
<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">CC BY 3.0 IGO</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADAPTATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADAPTIVE R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADDITION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADULT POPULATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>AGED</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>BRAIN DRAIN</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPITA INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPITAL GOODS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CHANGES IN EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COLLABORATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CREATIVE R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DATA SOURCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DIGITAL DIVIDE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC GROWTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATED WORKERS</mods:topic>
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<mods:abstract>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</mods:abstract>
<mods:language>
<mods:languageTerm>en_US</mods:languageTerm>
</mods:language>
<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">World Bank</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">CC BY 3.0 IGO</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADAPTATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADAPTIVE R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADDITION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADULT POPULATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>AGED</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>BRAIN DRAIN</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPITA INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPITAL GOODS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CHANGES IN EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COLLABORATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CREATIVE R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DATA SOURCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DIGITAL DIVIDE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC GROWTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATED WORKERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATION MARKET</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATION POLICIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATION SPENDING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATION SYSTEM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELASTICITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMPLOYMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENGINEERING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENGINEERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENROLLMENT RATES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EXPENDITURES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GAP IN EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL ECONOMY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GOVERNMENT POLICY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HUMAN CAPITAL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IMPORT PENETRATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IMPORTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCENTIVES REGIME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME LEVELS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INEQUALITY IN WAGES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INNOVATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INNOVATION NETWORKS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INNOVATION POLICIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INTERVENTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LABOR MARKET</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LEVEL OF SKILL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LIFELONG LEARNING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MATHEMATICS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MIGRATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NUMBER OF PATENTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PATENT PROTECTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PATENT REGISTRATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PATENT RIGHTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRESENT VALUE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIMARY SCHOOL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIVATE PROVIDERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIVATE R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIVATE SECTOR</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRODUCTIVITY GAP</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC RESEARCH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PURCHASING POWER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PURCHASING POWER PARITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>R&D</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RATES OF RETURN</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SCIENTISTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILL GAP</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILL UPGRADING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILLED ARTISANS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILLED LABOR</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILLED WORKERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILLS RECRUITMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SUPPLY OF WORKERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGY GAP</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGY POLICY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TERTIARY EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TRAINING PROVIDERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRODUCTIVITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GOVERNMENT POLICY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INNOVATIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TRAINING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPITAL GOODS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IMPORTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PATENTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SKILLED WORKERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROPERTY RIGHTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SYSTEMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIMARY EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SECONDARY EDUCATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
</mods:mods>
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<atom:title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</atom:title>
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<atom:name>Perry, Guillermo E.</atom:name>
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<dc:title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</dc:title>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADDITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADULT POPULATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGED</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BRAIN DRAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>COLLABORATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CREATIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>EMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENROLLMENT RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAP IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORT PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCENTIVES REGIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY IN WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION NETWORKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF SKILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIFELONG LEARNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MATHEMATICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MIGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT REGISTRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRESENT VALUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY SCHOOL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER PARITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RATES OF RETURN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL UPGRADING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED ARTISANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED LABOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLS RECRUITMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUPPLY OF WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:dateAccepted>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dcterms:dateAccepted>
<dcterms:available>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dcterms:available>
<dcterms:created>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dcterms:created>
<dcterms:issued>2003</dcterms:issued>
<dc:identifier>0-8213-5172-9</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15168</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>en_US</dc:language>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</dc:publisher>
</qdc:qualifieddc>
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<dc:title>Closing the Gap in Education and Technology</dc:title>
<dc:creator>De Ferranti, David</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Perry, Guillermo E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Gill, Indermit</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Guasch, J. Luis</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Maloney, William F.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Sanchez-Paramo, Carolina</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Schady, Norbert</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>ACCESS TO EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADAPTIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADDITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADULT POPULATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AGED</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BRAIN DRAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITA INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLLABORATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CREATIVE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DATA SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFICITS IN TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEGREE OF COMPUTER PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND FOR SKILLS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIGITAL DIVIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION SPENDING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELASTICITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMPLOYMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENGINEERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENROLLMENT RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXPENDITURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FIRM PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREIGN TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAP IN EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GROSS TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HUMAN CAPITAL THRESHOLD</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORT PENETRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCENTIVES REGIME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INEQUALITY IN WAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION NETWORKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATION POLICIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL TESTS OF LITERACY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ABSORPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LABOR MARKET</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LEVEL OF SKILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIFELONG LEARNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MATHEMATICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MEASURES OF TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MIGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NET SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NUMBER OF PATENTS PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT REGISTRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENT RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATTERNS OF INTEGRATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY INSTRUMENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRESENT VALUE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY SCHOOL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE R&D PER WORKER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PURCHASING POWER PARITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>R&D</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RATES OF RETURN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SCIENTISTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILL UPGRADING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED ARTISANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED LABOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLS RECRUITMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUPPLY OF WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY GAP</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TECHNOLOGY-SKILL COMPLEMENTARITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TERTIARY ENROLLMENT DEFICITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING INTERVENTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING PROVIDERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WORKPLACE TECHNOLOGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRODUCTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GOVERNMENT POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INNOVATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRAINING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EDUCATION & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL GOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPORTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PATENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SKILLED WORKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROPERTY RIGHTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SECONDARY EDUCATION</dc:subject>
<dc:description>This report focuses not only on the gaps facing Latin America in both education and technology, but especially on the interactions between the two. The central premise of the report is that skills and technology interact in important ways, and this relationship is a fundamental reason for the large observed differences in productivity and incomes across countries. This report argues that skills upgrading technological change, and their interaction are major factors behind total factor productivity growth. Skill-biased technological change is indeed being transferred today at faster speeds to LAC countries, as elsewhere. Technological change has been complementary with skill levels in Latin America in the last two decades. It is further estimated that firms have substantially increased the demand for educated workers in the region, particularly workers with tertiary education. This technological transformation appears to be intimately related to patterns of integration in the world economy. Firms in sectors with higher exposure to trade are subject to more competitive pressures. Adopting and adapting more advanced technologies and hiring and training more educated workers is one way to respond to this pressure to become more productive. The increased potential demand for education offers the possibility to accelerate productivity growth in the economy by closing the educational and technological gaps that Latin American countries exhibit with respect to their peers.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2013-08-19T18:43:33Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2003</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>0-8213-5172-9</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/15168</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>en_US</dc:language>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies;</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>Washington, DC: World Bank</dc:publisher>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:identifier>25834</dc:identifier>
<dc:coverage>Latin America & Caribbean</dc:coverage>
<dc:subject>Health Monitoring and Evaluation</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Education :: Education and Digital Divide</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Environmental Economics and Policies</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Curriculum and Instruction</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Information and Communication Technologies :: ICT Policy and Strategies</dc:subject>
</ow:Publication>
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<field name="value">ENROLLMENT RATES</field>
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