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<dc:title>Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</dc:title>
<dc:creator>de la Torre, Augusto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajnzylber, Pablo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, John</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>AFFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALLOWANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BIOMASS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL STOCKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON CAPTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON FINANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CH4</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEAN ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEANER ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE STABILIZATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATIC CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO2</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONVERGENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CORAL REEFS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIESEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISASTER PREVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DROUGHT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC RECOVERY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY COMPANY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PATHWAYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PERMITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PROFILE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION SCENARIOS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRENDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY DEMAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SAVINGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL CRISIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FLOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CONSERVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST DEGRADATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTRY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAS TURBINE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GASOLINE PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GENERATION MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLACIERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL WARMING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE EFFECT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GASES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE SEASON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ICE SHEETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPERFECT INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IPCC</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LNG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOW-CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOWER COSTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MAJOR HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARKET FAILURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METHANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MITIGATION POTENTIAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY FUND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY INCENTIVES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>N2O</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL DISASTERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NITROUS OXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OCEANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL EQUIVALENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY MAKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PORTFOLIO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POWER SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRECIPITATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE VOLATILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RADIATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAINFALL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RELATIVE PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVEL RISE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>STORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBSTITUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SURFACE TEMPERATURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TOTAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRADE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRANSPORT SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICAL CYCLONES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNCERTAINTIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UTILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WASTE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WATER VAPOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEATHER INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:description>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2010</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>978-0-8213-8054-3</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</dc:identifier>
<dc:language>English</dc:language>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>World Bank</dc:publisher>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:coverage>Latin America & Caribbean</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage>Caribbean</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage>Latin America</dc:coverage>
</oai_dc:dc>
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<dc:title>Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</dc:title>
<dc:creator>de la Torre, Augusto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajnzylber, Pablo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, John</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>AFFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALLOWANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BIOMASS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL STOCKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON CAPTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON FINANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CH4</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEAN ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEANER ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE STABILIZATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATIC CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO2</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONVERGENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CORAL REEFS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIESEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISASTER PREVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DROUGHT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC RECOVERY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY COMPANY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PATHWAYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PERMITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PROFILE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION SCENARIOS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRENDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY DEMAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SAVINGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL CRISIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FLOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CONSERVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST DEGRADATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTRY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAS TURBINE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GASOLINE PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GENERATION MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLACIERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL WARMING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE EFFECT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GASES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE SEASON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ICE SHEETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPERFECT INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IPCC</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LNG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOW-CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOWER COSTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MAJOR HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARKET FAILURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METHANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MITIGATION POTENTIAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY FUND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY INCENTIVES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>N2O</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL DISASTERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NITROUS OXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OCEANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL EQUIVALENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY MAKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PORTFOLIO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POWER SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRECIPITATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE VOLATILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RADIATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAINFALL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RELATIVE PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVEL RISE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>STORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBSTITUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SURFACE TEMPERATURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TOTAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRADE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRANSPORT SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICAL CYCLONES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNCERTAINTIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UTILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WASTE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WATER VAPOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEATHER INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:description>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2010</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>978-0-8213-8054-3</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</dc:identifier>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>World Bank</dc:publisher>
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<dim:field element="contributor" mdschema="dc" qualifier="author">de la Torre, Augusto</dim:field>
<dim:field element="contributor" mdschema="dc" qualifier="author">Fajnzylber, Pablo</dim:field>
<dim:field element="contributor" mdschema="dc" qualifier="author">Nash, John</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="description" lang="en" mdschema="dc" qualifier="abstract">Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="publisher" mdschema="dc">World Bank</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="rights" mdschema="dc" qualifier="holder">World Bank</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">AFFORESTATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ALLOWANCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ATMOSPHERE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">AUCTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">BIOMASS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CAPITAL STOCKS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CAPS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON CAPTURE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON DIOXIDE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON ECONOMY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON FINANCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON INTENSITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON PRICE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON PRICES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON TAX</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON TAXES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CH4</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CHANGES IN CLIMATE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLEAN ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLEANER ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE DAMAGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE STABILIZATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATE SYSTEM</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CLIMATIC CHANGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CO</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CO2</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COAL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COLORS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CONVERGENCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CORAL REEFS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COST-BENEFIT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DAMAGES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEFORESTATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DIESEL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DIFFUSION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DISASTER PREVENTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">DROUGHT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC GROWTH</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC IMPACT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC IMPACTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ECONOMIC RECOVERY</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION INTENSITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION LEVELS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION PATHWAYS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION PERMITS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION PROFILE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION REDUCTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION SCENARIOS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSION TRENDS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY CONSUMPTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY DEMAND</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY INTENSITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY MIX</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY POLICY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY SAVINGS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY SECURITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY SOURCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY SUBSIDIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENERGY USE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EXTREME EVENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EXTREME WEATHER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FINANCIAL CRISIS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FINANCIAL MARKETS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FLOODS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOREST</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOREST CARBON</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOREST CONSERVATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOREST DEGRADATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FORESTRY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FORESTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOSSIL FUEL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">FOSSIL FUELS</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GAS TURBINE</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GLOBAL WARMING</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GREENHOUSE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GREENHOUSE EFFECT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">GREENHOUSE GASES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HURRICANE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HURRICANE SEASON</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">HURRICANES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">ICE SHEETS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">IMPERFECT INFORMATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INCOME</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INSURANCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INSURANCE MECHANISMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">IPCC</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LANDFILL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LANDFILL GAS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LNG</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LOW-CARBON</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">LOWER COSTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MAJOR HURRICANES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MARGINAL ABATEMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">MARKET FAILURES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">N2O</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NATURAL DISASTERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NEGATIVE IMPACT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NEGATIVE IMPACTS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">NITROUS OXIDE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">OCEANS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">OIL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">OIL EQUIVALENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">OIL PRICES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POLICY MAKERS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PORTFOLIO</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">POWER SECTOR</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRECIPITATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRICE VOLATILITY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PRIMARY ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RADIATION</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RAIN</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RAINFALL</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RELATIVE PRICE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RENEWABLE ENERGY</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">RENEWABLE RESOURCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SEA LEVEL RISE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SEA LEVELS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SUBSTITUTION</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TAX RATES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TOTAL EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TRADE SYSTEM</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TRANSPORT SECTOR</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">TROPICAL CYCLONES</dim:field>
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<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">UTILITIES</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">VEHICLE EMISSIONS</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WASTE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WATER VAPOR</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WEATHER INSURANCE</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WIND</dim:field>
<dim:field element="subject" mdschema="dc">WIND POWER</dim:field>
<dim:field element="title" lang="en" mdschema="dc">Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</dim:field>
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<title>Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</title>
<creator>de la Torre, Augusto</creator>
<creator>Fajnzylber, Pablo</creator>
<creator>Nash, John</creator>
<subject>AFFORESTATION</subject>
<subject>ALLOWANCES</subject>
<subject>ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</subject>
<subject>AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>ATMOSPHERE</subject>
<subject>ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</subject>
<subject>AUCTION</subject>
<subject>BIOMASS</subject>
<subject>CAPITAL STOCKS</subject>
<subject>CAPS</subject>
<subject>CARBON CAPTURE</subject>
<subject>CARBON DIOXIDE</subject>
<subject>CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</subject>
<subject>CARBON ECONOMY</subject>
<subject>CARBON EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</subject>
<subject>CARBON ENERGY</subject>
<subject>CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</subject>
<subject>CARBON FINANCE</subject>
<subject>CARBON INTENSITY</subject>
<subject>CARBON PRICE</subject>
<subject>CARBON PRICES</subject>
<subject>CARBON TAX</subject>
<subject>CARBON TAXES</subject>
<subject>CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</subject>
<subject>CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</subject>
<subject>CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</subject>
<subject>CH4</subject>
<subject>CHANGES IN CLIMATE</subject>
<subject>CLEAN ENERGY</subject>
<subject>CLEANER ENERGY</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE DAMAGES</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE STABILIZATION</subject>
<subject>CLIMATE SYSTEM</subject>
<subject>CLIMATIC CHANGES</subject>
<subject>CO</subject>
<subject>CO2</subject>
<subject>COAL</subject>
<subject>COLORS</subject>
<subject>CONVERGENCE</subject>
<subject>CORAL REEFS</subject>
<subject>COST-BENEFIT</subject>
<subject>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</subject>
<subject>CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>DAMAGES</subject>
<subject>DEFORESTATION</subject>
<subject>DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</subject>
<subject>DIESEL</subject>
<subject>DIFFUSION</subject>
<subject>DISASTER PREVENTION</subject>
<subject>DROUGHT</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC IMPACTS</subject>
<subject>ECONOMIC RECOVERY</subject>
<subject>ECOSYSTEM</subject>
<subject>ECOSYSTEMS</subject>
<subject>ELECTRICITY</subject>
<subject>ELECTRICITY COMPANY</subject>
<subject>ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION</subject>
<subject>ELECTRICITY GENERATION</subject>
<subject>EMISSION</subject>
<subject>EMISSION INTENSITY</subject>
<subject>EMISSION LEVELS</subject>
<subject>EMISSION PATHWAYS</subject>
<subject>EMISSION PERMITS</subject>
<subject>EMISSION PROFILE</subject>
<subject>EMISSION REDUCTION</subject>
<subject>EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</subject>
<subject>EMISSION REDUCTIONS</subject>
<subject>EMISSION SCENARIOS</subject>
<subject>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</subject>
<subject>EMISSION TRENDS</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</subject>
<subject>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</subject>
<subject>ENERGY DEMAND</subject>
<subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY</subject>
<subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</subject>
<subject>ENERGY EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>ENERGY INTENSITY</subject>
<subject>ENERGY MIX</subject>
<subject>ENERGY POLICY</subject>
<subject>ENERGY SAVINGS</subject>
<subject>ENERGY SECURITY</subject>
<subject>ENERGY SOURCES</subject>
<subject>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</subject>
<subject>ENERGY USE</subject>
<subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</subject>
<subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</subject>
<subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</subject>
<subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</subject>
<subject>EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</subject>
<subject>EXTREME EVENTS</subject>
<subject>EXTREME WEATHER</subject>
<subject>EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</subject>
<subject>FINANCIAL CRISIS</subject>
<subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</subject>
<subject>FLOODS</subject>
<subject>FOREST</subject>
<subject>FOREST CARBON</subject>
<subject>FOREST CONSERVATION</subject>
<subject>FOREST DEGRADATION</subject>
<subject>FORESTRY</subject>
<subject>FORESTS</subject>
<subject>FOSSIL FUEL</subject>
<subject>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</subject>
<subject>FOSSIL FUELS</subject>
<subject>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>GAS TURBINE</subject>
<subject>GASOLINE PRICES</subject>
<subject>GENERATION MIX</subject>
<subject>GHG</subject>
<subject>GHGS</subject>
<subject>GLACIERS</subject>
<subject>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>GLOBAL EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</subject>
<subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</subject>
<subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>GLOBAL WARMING</subject>
<subject>GREENHOUSE</subject>
<subject>GREENHOUSE EFFECT</subject>
<subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</subject>
<subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</subject>
<subject>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</subject>
<subject>GREENHOUSE GASES</subject>
<subject>HURRICANE</subject>
<subject>HURRICANE SEASON</subject>
<subject>HURRICANES</subject>
<subject>ICE SHEETS</subject>
<subject>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</subject>
<subject>IMPERFECT INFORMATION</subject>
<subject>INCOME</subject>
<subject>INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</subject>
<subject>INSURANCE</subject>
<subject>INSURANCE MECHANISMS</subject>
<subject>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</subject>
<subject>INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</subject>
<subject>IPCC</subject>
<subject>LANDFILL</subject>
<subject>LANDFILL GAS</subject>
<subject>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</subject>
<subject>LNG</subject>
<subject>LOW-CARBON</subject>
<subject>LOWER COSTS</subject>
<subject>MAJOR HURRICANES</subject>
<subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</subject>
<subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</subject>
<subject>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</subject>
<subject>MARKET FAILURES</subject>
<subject>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</subject>
<subject>METHANE</subject>
<subject>MITIGATION POTENTIAL</subject>
<subject>MONETARY FUND</subject>
<subject>MONETARY INCENTIVES</subject>
<subject>N2O</subject>
<subject>NATURAL DISASTERS</subject>
<subject>NEGATIVE IMPACT</subject>
<subject>NEGATIVE IMPACTS</subject>
<subject>NITROUS OXIDE</subject>
<subject>OCEANS</subject>
<subject>OIL</subject>
<subject>OIL EQUIVALENT</subject>
<subject>OIL PRICES</subject>
<subject>POLICY MAKERS</subject>
<subject>PORTFOLIO</subject>
<subject>POWER SECTOR</subject>
<subject>PRECIPITATION</subject>
<subject>PRICE VOLATILITY</subject>
<subject>PRIMARY ENERGY</subject>
<subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</subject>
<subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</subject>
<subject>PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</subject>
<subject>RADIATION</subject>
<subject>RAIN</subject>
<subject>RAINFALL</subject>
<subject>RELATIVE PRICE</subject>
<subject>RENEWABLE ENERGY</subject>
<subject>RENEWABLE RESOURCES</subject>
<subject>SEA LEVEL RISE</subject>
<subject>SEA LEVELS</subject>
<subject>SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</subject>
<subject>STORMS</subject>
<subject>SUBSTITUTION</subject>
<subject>SURFACE TEMPERATURE</subject>
<subject>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</subject>
<subject>TAX RATES</subject>
<subject>TOTAL EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>TRADE SYSTEM</subject>
<subject>TRANSPORT SECTOR</subject>
<subject>TROPICAL CYCLONES</subject>
<subject>TROPICS</subject>
<subject>UNCERTAINTIES</subject>
<subject>UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</subject>
<subject>UTILITIES</subject>
<subject>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</subject>
<subject>WASTE</subject>
<subject>WATER VAPOR</subject>
<subject>WEATHER INSURANCE</subject>
<subject>WIND</subject>
<subject>WIND POWER</subject>
<description>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</description>
<date>2012-03-19</date>
<date>2012-03-19</date>
<date>2010</date>
<identifier>978-0-8213-8054-3</identifier>
<identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</identifier>
<relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies</relation>
<rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</rights>
<rights>World Bank</rights>
<rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</rights>
<publisher>World Bank</publisher>
</thesis>
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<subfield code="a">EMISSION LEVELS</subfield>
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<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION PATHWAYS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION PERMITS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION PROFILE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION REDUCTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION REDUCTIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION SCENARIOS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSION TRENDS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY CONSUMPTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY DEMAND</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY EFFICIENCY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY EMISSIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY INTENSITY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY MIX</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY POLICY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY SAVINGS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY SECURITY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY SOURCES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY SUBSIDIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENERGY USE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EXTREME EVENTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EXTREME WEATHER</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FINANCIAL CRISIS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FINANCIAL MARKETS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FLOODS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOREST</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOREST CARBON</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOREST CONSERVATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOREST DEGRADATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FORESTRY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FORESTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOSSIL FUEL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FOSSIL FUELS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GAS TURBINE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GASOLINE PRICES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GENERATION MIX</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GHG</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GHGS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLACIERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL EMISSIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GLOBAL WARMING</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GREENHOUSE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GREENHOUSE EFFECT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">GREENHOUSE GASES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">HURRICANE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">HURRICANE SEASON</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">HURRICANES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">ICE SHEETS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">IMPERFECT INFORMATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INCOME</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INSURANCE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INSURANCE MECHANISMS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">IPCC</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LANDFILL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LANDFILL GAS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LNG</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LOW-CARBON</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">LOWER COSTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MAJOR HURRICANES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MARGINAL ABATEMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MARKET FAILURES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">METHANE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MITIGATION POTENTIAL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MONETARY FUND</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">MONETARY INCENTIVES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">N2O</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NATURAL DISASTERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NEGATIVE IMPACT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NEGATIVE IMPACTS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">NITROUS OXIDE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">OCEANS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">OIL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">OIL EQUIVALENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">OIL PRICES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">POLICY MAKERS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PORTFOLIO</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">POWER SECTOR</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRECIPITATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRICE VOLATILITY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PRIMARY ENERGY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RADIATION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RAIN</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RAINFALL</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RELATIVE PRICE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RENEWABLE ENERGY</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">RENEWABLE RESOURCES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SEA LEVEL RISE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SEA LEVELS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">STORMS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SUBSTITUTION</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SURFACE TEMPERATURE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TAX RATES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TOTAL EMISSIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TRADE SYSTEM</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TRANSPORT SECTOR</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TROPICAL CYCLONES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">TROPICS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">UNCERTAINTIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">UTILITIES</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">VEHICLE EMISSIONS</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">WASTE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">WATER VAPOR</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">WEATHER INSURANCE</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">WIND</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">WIND POWER</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1="0" ind2="0" tag="245">
<subfield code="a">Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</subfield>
</datafield>
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<name>DSpace at My University</name>
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<dmdSec ID="DMD_10986_2679">
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<mods:mods schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-1.xsd">
<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de la Torre, Augusto</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fajnzylber, Pablo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name>
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Nash, John</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:extension>
<mods:dateAccessioned encoding="iso8601">2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</mods:dateAccessioned>
</mods:extension>
<mods:extension>
</mods:extension>
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued encoding="iso8601">2010</mods:dateIssued>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:identifier type="isbn">978-0-8213-8054-3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="uri">http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</mods:identifier>
<mods:abstract>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</mods:abstract>
<mods:language>
</mods:language>
<mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction">CC BY 3.0 IGO</mods:accessCondition>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>AFFORESTATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ALLOWANCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ATMOSPHERE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>AUCTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>BIOMASS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPITAL STOCKS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CAPS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON CAPTURE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON DIOXIDE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON ECONOMY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON FINANCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON INTENSITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON PRICE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON PRICES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON TAX</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON TAXES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CH4</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CHANGES IN CLIMATE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLEAN ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLEANER ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE DAMAGES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE STABILIZATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATE SYSTEM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CLIMATIC CHANGES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CO</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CO2</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COAL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COLORS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CONVERGENCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CORAL REEFS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COST-BENEFIT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DAMAGES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEFORESTATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DIESEL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DIFFUSION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DISASTER PREVENTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>DROUGHT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC GROWTH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC IMPACT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC IMPACTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECONOMIC RECOVERY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECOSYSTEM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ECOSYSTEMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELECTRICITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELECTRICITY COMPANY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ELECTRICITY GENERATION</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION INTENSITY</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION LEVELS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION PATHWAYS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION PERMITS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION PROFILE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION REDUCTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION REDUCTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION SCENARIOS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION TRENDS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY DEMAND</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY EFFICIENCY</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY INTENSITY</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY MIX</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY POLICY</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY SAVINGS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY SECURITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY SOURCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY USE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EXTREME EVENTS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EXTREME WEATHER</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FINANCIAL CRISIS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FINANCIAL MARKETS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FLOODS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOREST</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOREST CARBON</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOREST CONSERVATION</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOREST DEGRADATION</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FORESTRY</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FORESTS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOSSIL FUEL</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOSSIL FUELS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GAS TURBINE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GASOLINE PRICES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GENERATION MIX</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GHG</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GHGS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLACIERS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE GASES</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>HURRICANE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ICE SHEETS</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IPCC</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LNG</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LOW-CARBON</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>LOWER COSTS</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>MAJOR HURRICANES</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MARKET FAILURES</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>MONETARY FUND</mods:topic>
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<mods:name>
<mods:namePart>de la Torre, Augusto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name>
<mods:namePart>Fajnzylber, Pablo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name>
<mods:namePart>Nash, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateAvailable encoding="iso8601">2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</mods:dateAvailable>
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<mods:identifier type="uri">http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</mods:identifier>
<mods:abstract>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</mods:abstract>
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<mods:topic>AFFORESTATION</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:topic>CH4</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>CLEAN ENERGY</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>EMISSION LEVELS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</mods:topic>
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<mods:topic>EMISSION TRENDS</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY SOURCES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</mods:topic>
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<mods:subject>
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<mods:topic>FORESTRY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FORESTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOSSIL FUEL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FOSSIL FUELS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GAS TURBINE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GASOLINE PRICES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GENERATION MIX</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GHG</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GHGS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLACIERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GLOBAL WARMING</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE EFFECT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>GREENHOUSE GASES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HURRICANE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HURRICANE SEASON</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>HURRICANES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>ICE SHEETS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IMPERFECT INFORMATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INCOME</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INSURANCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INSURANCE MECHANISMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>IPCC</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LANDFILL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LANDFILL GAS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LNG</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LOW-CARBON</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>LOWER COSTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MAJOR HURRICANES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MARKET FAILURES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>METHANE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MITIGATION POTENTIAL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MONETARY FUND</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>MONETARY INCENTIVES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>N2O</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NATURAL DISASTERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NEGATIVE IMPACT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NEGATIVE IMPACTS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>NITROUS OXIDE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>OCEANS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>OIL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>OIL EQUIVALENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>OIL PRICES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POLICY MAKERS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PORTFOLIO</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>POWER SECTOR</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRECIPITATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRICE VOLATILITY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PRIMARY ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RADIATION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RAIN</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RAINFALL</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RELATIVE PRICE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RENEWABLE ENERGY</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>RENEWABLE RESOURCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SEA LEVEL RISE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SEA LEVELS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>STORMS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SUBSTITUTION</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SURFACE TEMPERATURE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TAX RATES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TOTAL EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TRADE SYSTEM</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TRANSPORT SECTOR</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TROPICAL CYCLONES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>TROPICS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>UNCERTAINTIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>UTILITIES</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WASTE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WATER VAPOR</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WEATHER INSURANCE</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WIND</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:subject>
<mods:topic>WIND POWER</mods:topic>
</mods:subject>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<dc:title>Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</dc:title>
<dc:subject>AFFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALLOWANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BIOMASS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL STOCKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON CAPTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON FINANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CH4</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEAN ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEANER ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE STABILIZATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATIC CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO2</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONVERGENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CORAL REEFS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIESEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISASTER PREVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DROUGHT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC RECOVERY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY COMPANY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PATHWAYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PERMITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PROFILE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION SCENARIOS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRENDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY DEMAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SAVINGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL CRISIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FLOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CONSERVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST DEGRADATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTRY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAS TURBINE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GASOLINE PRICES</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>GHG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHGS</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</dc:subject>
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<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE EFFECT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GASES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE SEASON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ICE SHEETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPERFECT INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IPCC</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LNG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOW-CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOWER COSTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MAJOR HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARKET FAILURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METHANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MITIGATION POTENTIAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY FUND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY INCENTIVES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>N2O</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL DISASTERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NITROUS OXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OCEANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL EQUIVALENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY MAKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PORTFOLIO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POWER SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRECIPITATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE VOLATILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RADIATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAINFALL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RELATIVE PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVEL RISE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>STORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBSTITUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SURFACE TEMPERATURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TOTAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRADE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRANSPORT SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICAL CYCLONES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNCERTAINTIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UTILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WASTE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WATER VAPOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEATHER INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND POWER</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:dateAccepted>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dcterms:dateAccepted>
<dcterms:available>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dcterms:available>
<dcterms:created>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dcterms:created>
<dcterms:issued>2010</dcterms:issued>
<dc:identifier>978-0-8213-8054-3</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</dc:identifier>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>World Bank</dc:publisher>
</qdc:qualifieddc>
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<ow:Publication about="oai:openknowledge.worldbank.org:10986/2679">
<dc:title>Low-Carbon Development : Latin American Responses to Climate Change</dc:title>
<dc:creator>de la Torre, Augusto</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Fajnzylber, Pablo</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Nash, John</dc:creator>
<dc:subject>AFFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALLOWANCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ALTERNATIVE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>AUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>BIOMASS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPITAL STOCKS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CAPS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON CAPTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON DIOXIDE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ECONOMY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON EMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON FINANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TAXES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CARBON TECHNOLOGIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CATASTROPHIC DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CH4</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CHANGES IN CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEAN ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLEANER ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE ANALYSIS INDICATORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SENSITIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE STABILIZATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CLIMATIC CHANGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CO2</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COLORS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CONVERGENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CORAL REEFS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DAMAGES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEFORESTATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIESEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DIFFUSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DISASTER PREVENTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>DROUGHT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC ACTIVITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC GROWTH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECONOMIC RECOVERY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY COMPANY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PATHWAYS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PERMITS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION PROFILE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION SCENARIOS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRAJECTORIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSION TRENDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICITY GENERATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS FROM LAND-USE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY CONSUMPTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY DEMAND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY INTENSITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY POLICY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SAVINGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SECURITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY SUBSIDIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENERGY USE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL CRISIS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FINANCIAL MARKETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FLOODS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST CONSERVATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOREST DEGRADATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTRY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FORESTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUEL BURNING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FOSSIL FUELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GAS TURBINE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GASOLINE PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GENERATION MIX</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GHGS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLACIERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GLOBAL WARMING</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE EFFECT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PER CAPITA</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>GREENHOUSE GASES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANE SEASON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>ICE SHEETS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IMPERFECT INFORMATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INCOME</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INSURANCE MECHANISMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>IPCC</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LANDFILL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LNG</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOW-CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>LOWER COSTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MAJOR HURRICANES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARGINAL ABATEMENT COST</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARINE ECOSYSTEMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MARKET FAILURES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>METHANE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MITIGATION POTENTIAL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY FUND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>MONETARY INCENTIVES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>N2O</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NATURAL DISASTERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NEGATIVE IMPACTS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>NITROUS OXIDE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OCEANS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL EQUIVALENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>OIL PRICES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POLICY MAKERS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PORTFOLIO</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>POWER SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRECIPITATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRICE VOLATILITY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PRIMARY ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RADIATION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAIN</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RAINFALL</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RELATIVE PRICE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE ENERGY</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>RENEWABLE RESOURCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVEL RISE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SEA LEVELS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SOCIAL COST OF CARBON</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>STORMS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUBSTITUTION</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SURFACE TEMPERATURE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TAX RATES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TOTAL EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRADE SYSTEM</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TRANSPORT SECTOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICAL CYCLONES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>TROPICS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNCERTAINTIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>UTILITIES</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>VEHICLE EMISSIONS</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WASTE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WATER VAPOR</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WEATHER INSURANCE</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>WIND POWER</dc:subject>
<dc:description>Climate change is already a reality. This is evidenced by the acceleration of global temperature increases, the melting of ice and snow covers, and rising sea levels. Latin America and the Caribbean region (LCR) are not exempt from these trends, as illustrated by the changes in precipitation patterns that are already being reported in the region, as well as by observations of rising temperatures, the rapid melting of Andean tropical glaciers, and an increasing number of extreme weather events. The most important force behind climate change is the rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the earth's atmosphere driven mainly by manmade emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Because of inertia in the climate system, the planet is likely to continue warming over the twenty-first century, and unless emissions are significantly reduced, this process could accelerate, with potentially very serious consequences for nature and mankind. There is still, however, a high degree of uncertainty regarding the specific drivers, timing, and impact of global climate change, as well as about the costs and efficacy of actions aimed at either mitigating it or dealing with its physical and economic impacts. As a result, it is very hard, at this point, to unambiguously determine economically efficient emission pathways for which the benefits of actions to mitigate climate change will exceed the costs of those actions. Despite these problems and uncertainties, there is increasing evidence suggesting that urgent action is needed in order to alter current emission trends so as to avoid reaching GHG concentration levels that could trigger large and irreversible damages. Negotiations are under way and are scheduled to be concluded in 2012 with a new agreement on a way forward. At the same time, individual countries are also considering how to respond in their own domestic policy to the challenges of climate change. LCR governments and civil society should be well informed about the potential costs and benefits of climate change and their options for decisions that will need to be made over the next decades as well as the global context in which these decisions must be taken. At the same time, the global community needs to be better informed about the unique perspective of the LCR, problems the region will face, potential contributions the region can make to combat global warming, and how to unlock the region's full potential so as to enable it to maximize its contribution while continuing to grow and reduce poverty. This report seeks to help fill both these needs.</dc:description>
<dc:date>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2012-03-19T10:04:39Z</dc:date>
<dc:date>2010</dc:date>
<dc:identifier>978-0-8213-8054-3</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>http://hdl.handle.net/10986/2679</dc:identifier>
<dc:relation>World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies</dc:relation>
<dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>World Bank</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>CC BY 3.0 IGO</dc:rights>
<dc:publisher>World Bank</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2010-04-20</dc:date>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:type>Publications & Research :: Publication</dc:type>
<dc:identifier>51281</dc:identifier>
<dc:coverage>Latin America & Caribbean</dc:coverage>
<dc:subject>Environment :: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Macroeconomics and Economic Growth :: Climate Change Economics</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Energy :: Energy and Environment</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Environment :: Environment and Energy Efficiency</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Energy :: Energy Production and Transportation</dc:subject>
</ow:Publication>
</rdf:RDF>
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