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<dc:title lang="en">Aiming Right at You: Group versus Individual Clientelistic Targeting in Brazil</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="es">Apuntando Justo a Ti/Ustedes: Blancos Clientelares Grupales e Individuales en Brasil</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Héctor Bahamonde; O’Higgins University (Rancagua, Chile)</dc:creator>
<dc:subject lang="en">Political Science; Comparative Politics</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">Brazil; clientelism; vote-buying</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">300; 320; 322; 323</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">Ciencia Política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">Brasil; clientelismo; venta de votos</dc:subject>
<dc:description lang="en">Do parties target individuals or groups? Although this question is fundamental to understanding clientelism, the literature does not offer an answer. This paper argues that, depending on certain conditions, brokers target individuals when they are identifiable, and groups when brokers need to rely on the spillover effects of clientelism. Both identifiability and spillovers depend on individual poverty, group poverty, and political competition. Though the theory I outline focuses on targeting, I also argue that structural factors, such as the density of the poor, should be considered in the vote-buying literature. Structural factors are one of the few observables upon which brokers can base their decision regarding investing in clientelism. Using survey and census data from Brazil, the paper exploits variations in personal incomes within contexts of differing levels of municipal poverty. I find that political parties engage in segmented or ad-hoc strategies, targeting individuals when identifiability is high, and groups when there are economies of scale. Importantly, non-poor individuals can also be offered clientelism.</dc:description>
<dc:description lang="es">¿Los partidos apuntan a grupos o individuos? Aunque esta pregunta es fundamental para entender el clientelismo, la literatura no ofrece una respuesta clara. Este trabajo argumenta que, dependiendo de ciertas condiciones, los compradores de votos apuntan a individuos cuando pueden identificar a sus blancos, y a grupos cuando necesitan utilizar los efectos indirectos que provee la lógica del clientelismo. Tanto la identificación individual como los efectos indirectos del clientelismo grupal, dependen de los niveles de pobreza individual, pobreza grupal, y los niveles de competencia partidista. Aunque la teoría de este trabajo se concentra en los blancos clientelares (grupales e individuales), también argumenta que factores estructurales, como la densidad de pobreza, deberían ser considerados en la literatura acerca de la venta de votos. Estos factores estructurales son de los pocos observables sobre los cuales los compradores de votos basan su decisión acerca de si invertir en clientelismo o no. Usando datos de opinión pública y censos de Brasil, el trabajo examina las variaciones en rentas individuales dentro de diferentes contextos de pobreza a nivel municipal. Los resultados sugieren que los partidos políticos emplean estrategias segmentadas o ad-hoc, apuntando a individuos cuando son altamente identificables, y a grupos cuando se presentan situaciones de economías de escala. Además, individuos que no están en situación de pobreza también pueden recibir ofertas clientelares.</dc:description>
<dc:publisher lang="en">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2018-08-22</dc:date>
<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:identifier>https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/1121</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-11211</dc:identifier>
<dc:source lang="en">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 10, No 2 (2018); 41-76</dc:source>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:coverage lang="en">Brazil</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="en">2000-2017</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">Brasil</dc:coverage>
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<title>Aiming Right at You: Group versus Individual Clientelistic Targeting in Brazil</title>
<author>Héctor Bahamonde; O’Higgins University (Rancagua, Chile)</author>
<date>2018-08-22</date>
<copyright><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></copyright>
<copyright><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></copyright>
<other_access>url:https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/1121</other_access>
<keyword>Political Science; Comparative Politics</keyword>
<keyword>Brazil; clientelism; vote-buying</keyword>
<keyword>300; 320; 322; 323</keyword>
<period>Array</period>
<period>Brasil</period>
<language>en</language>
<abstract>Do parties target individuals or groups? Although this question is fundamental to understanding clientelism, the literature does not offer an answer. This paper argues that, depending on certain conditions, brokers target individuals when they are identifiable, and groups when brokers need to rely on the spillover effects of clientelism. Both identifiability and spillovers depend on individual poverty, group poverty, and political competition. Though the theory I outline focuses on targeting, I also argue that structural factors, such as the density of the poor, should be considered in the vote-buying literature. Structural factors are one of the few observables upon which brokers can base their decision regarding investing in clientelism. Using survey and census data from Brazil, the paper exploits variations in personal incomes within contexts of differing levels of municipal poverty. I find that political parties engage in segmented or ad-hoc strategies, targeting individuals when identifiability is high, and groups when there are economies of scale. Importantly, non-poor individuals can also be offered clientelism.</abstract>
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<dc:title lang="eng" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Aiming Right at You: Group versus Individual Clientelistic Targeting in Brazil</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="spa" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Apuntando Justo a Ti/Ustedes: Blancos Clientelares Grupales e Individuales en Brasil</dc:title>
<dc:creator type="pc:MetaPers">
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<pc:foreName>Héctor</pc:foreName>
<pc:surName>Bahamonde</pc:surName>
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<dc:subject type="dcterms:DDC">300; 320; 322; 323</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Political Science; Comparative Politics</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Ciencia Política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Brazil; clientelism; vote-buying</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Brasil; clientelismo; venta de votos</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract lang="eng" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">Do parties target individuals or groups? Although this question is fundamental to understanding clientelism, the literature does not offer an answer. This paper argues that, depending on certain conditions, brokers target individuals when they are identifiable, and groups when brokers need to rely on the spillover effects of clientelism. Both identifiability and spillovers depend on individual poverty, group poverty, and political competition. Though the theory I outline focuses on targeting, I also argue that structural factors, such as the density of the poor, should be considered in the vote-buying literature. Structural factors are one of the few observables upon which brokers can base their decision regarding investing in clientelism. Using survey and census data from Brazil, the paper exploits variations in personal incomes within contexts of differing levels of municipal poverty. I find that political parties engage in segmented or ad-hoc strategies, targeting individuals when identifiability is high, and groups when there are economies of scale. Importantly, non-poor individuals can also be offered clientelism.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract lang="spa" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">¿Los partidos apuntan a grupos o individuos? Aunque esta pregunta es fundamental para entender el clientelismo, la literatura no ofrece una respuesta clara. Este trabajo argumenta que, dependiendo de ciertas condiciones, los compradores de votos apuntan a individuos cuando pueden identificar a sus blancos, y a grupos cuando necesitan utilizar los efectos indirectos que provee la lógica del clientelismo. Tanto la identificación individual como los efectos indirectos del clientelismo grupal, dependen de los niveles de pobreza individual, pobreza grupal, y los niveles de competencia partidista. Aunque la teoría de este trabajo se concentra en los blancos clientelares (grupales e individuales), también argumenta que factores estructurales, como la densidad de pobreza, deberían ser considerados en la literatura acerca de la venta de votos. Estos factores estructurales son de los pocos observables sobre los cuales los compradores de votos basan su decisión acerca de si invertir en clientelismo o no. Usando datos de opinión pública y censos de Brasil, el trabajo examina las variaciones en rentas individuales dentro de diferentes contextos de pobreza a nivel municipal. Los resultados sugieren que los partidos políticos emplean estrategias segmentadas o ad-hoc, apuntando a individuos cuando son altamente identificables, y a grupos cuando se presentan situaciones de economías de escala. Además, individuos que no están en situación de pobreza también pueden recibir ofertas clientelares.</dcterms:abstract>
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<cc:name>German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
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<cc:name>Hamburg University Press</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
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<cc:address>Von-Melle-Park 3, 20146 Hamburg</cc:address>
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<dcterms:issued type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2018-08-22</dcterms:issued>
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<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Volume">10</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Issue">2</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></dc:rights>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></dc:rights>
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