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<dc:title lang="en">Classifying Ecuador’s Regime under Correa: A Procedural Approach</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="es">Clasificando el Régimen de Correa en Ecuador: Un Enfoque Procedimental</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Omar Sanchez-Sibony</dc:creator>
<dc:subject lang="en">Political Science; Political Sociology</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">Ecuador; elections; democracy; competitive authoritarianism; regime taxonomies</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">300; 320; 322; 323</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">ciencia política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">Ecuador; elecciones; democracia; autoritarismo competitivo; taxonomías de regímenes</dc:subject>
<dc:description lang="en">This article presents the case for steering clear of electoral outcome-based regime classifications. It advocates focusing instead on the systemic character of the formal and informal institutions that govern access to power as a more appropriate way to draw electoral regime boundaries. The case study of Ecuador under the presidency of Rafael Correa is offered as an example of this approach. Both electoral outcomes under Correísmo (2006–2017) as well as the procedural context in which elections occurred are examined. But the regime is here analyzed and categorized on a procedural-centered basis. The analysis of the slope of the playing field in the electoral arena reveals that political competition was fundamentally unfair, placing the regime in the competitive authoritarian category. This conclusion is reached on grounds of the incumbent’s capture of the electoral management body, as well as highly discriminatory electoral laws drawn by the incumbent, among many other factors that rendered Ecuadorean electoral contests unfair.</dc:description>
<dc:description lang="es">Este artículo propone evitar categorizar tipos de régimen en base a resultados electorales. Por el contrario, aboga por utilizar criterios basados en lo procedimental para clasificar regímenes políticos, enfocándose en el carácter sistémico de las instituciones formales e informales que gobiernan el acceso al poder. Se ofrece aquí un análisis del régimen de Rafael Correa como caso de estudio para ilustrar este enfoque. Se examinan los resultados electorales bajo el Correísmo asi como el contexto procedimental bajo el cual tuvieron lugar estos resultados. Pero el régimen se clasifica en base a criterios de procedimiento. El análisis de la arena electoral revela que la competición política entre Correa y la oposición fue fundamentalmente injusta, lo que sitúa al régimen como uno de tipo autoritario competitivo. Se llega a dicha conclusión después de demostrar que la agencia electoral nacional fue capturada por el correísmo y fue muy parcial en sus decisiones. También las leyes electorales creadas y modificadas fueron muy discriminatorias contra la oposición, entre otros muchos factores que inclinaban las elecciones a favor del partido de gobierno.</dc:description>
<dc:publisher lang="en">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2017-12-04</dc:date>
<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:identifier>https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/1076</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-10767</dc:identifier>
<dc:source lang="en">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 9, No 3 (2017); 121-140</dc:source>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:coverage lang="en">Ecuador</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="en">2006-2017</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">Ecuador</dc:coverage>
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<title>Classifying Ecuador’s Regime under Correa: A Procedural Approach</title>
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<date>2017-12-04</date>
<copyright><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></copyright>
<copyright><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></copyright>
<other_access>url:https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/1076</other_access>
<keyword>Political Science; Political Sociology</keyword>
<keyword>Ecuador; elections; democracy; competitive authoritarianism; regime taxonomies</keyword>
<keyword>300; 320; 322; 323</keyword>
<period>Array</period>
<period>Ecuador</period>
<language>en</language>
<abstract>This article presents the case for steering clear of electoral outcome-based regime classifications. It advocates focusing instead on the systemic character of the formal and informal institutions that govern access to power as a more appropriate way to draw electoral regime boundaries. The case study of Ecuador under the presidency of Rafael Correa is offered as an example of this approach. Both electoral outcomes under Correísmo (2006–2017) as well as the procedural context in which elections occurred are examined. But the regime is here analyzed and categorized on a procedural-centered basis. The analysis of the slope of the playing field in the electoral arena reveals that political competition was fundamentally unfair, placing the regime in the competitive authoritarian category. This conclusion is reached on grounds of the incumbent’s capture of the electoral management body, as well as highly discriminatory electoral laws drawn by the incumbent, among many other factors that rendered Ecuadorean electoral contests unfair.</abstract>
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<dc:title lang="eng" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Classifying Ecuador’s Regime under Correa: A Procedural Approach</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="spa" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Clasificando el Régimen de Correa en Ecuador: Un Enfoque Procedimental</dc:title>
<dc:creator type="pc:MetaPers">
<pc:person>
<pc:name type="nameUsedByThePerson">
<pc:foreName>Omar</pc:foreName>
<pc:surName>Sanchez-Sibony</pc:surName>
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<dc:subject type="dcterms:DDC">300; 320; 322; 323</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Political Science; Political Sociology</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">ciencia política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Ecuador; elections; democracy; competitive authoritarianism; regime taxonomies</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Ecuador; elecciones; democracia; autoritarismo competitivo; taxonomías de regímenes</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract lang="eng" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">This article presents the case for steering clear of electoral outcome-based regime classifications. It advocates focusing instead on the systemic character of the formal and informal institutions that govern access to power as a more appropriate way to draw electoral regime boundaries. The case study of Ecuador under the presidency of Rafael Correa is offered as an example of this approach. Both electoral outcomes under Correísmo (2006–2017) as well as the procedural context in which elections occurred are examined. But the regime is here analyzed and categorized on a procedural-centered basis. The analysis of the slope of the playing field in the electoral arena reveals that political competition was fundamentally unfair, placing the regime in the competitive authoritarian category. This conclusion is reached on grounds of the incumbent’s capture of the electoral management body, as well as highly discriminatory electoral laws drawn by the incumbent, among many other factors that rendered Ecuadorean electoral contests unfair.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract lang="spa" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">Este artículo propone evitar categorizar tipos de régimen en base a resultados electorales. Por el contrario, aboga por utilizar criterios basados en lo procedimental para clasificar regímenes políticos, enfocándose en el carácter sistémico de las instituciones formales e informales que gobiernan el acceso al poder. Se ofrece aquí un análisis del régimen de Rafael Correa como caso de estudio para ilustrar este enfoque. Se examinan los resultados electorales bajo el Correísmo asi como el contexto procedimental bajo el cual tuvieron lugar estos resultados. Pero el régimen se clasifica en base a criterios de procedimiento. El análisis de la arena electoral revela que la competición política entre Correa y la oposición fue fundamentalmente injusta, lo que sitúa al régimen como uno de tipo autoritario competitivo. Se llega a dicha conclusión después de demostrar que la agencia electoral nacional fue capturada por el correísmo y fue muy parcial en sus decisiones. También las leyes electorales creadas y modificadas fueron muy discriminatorias contra la oposición, entre otros muchos factores que inclinaban las elecciones a favor del partido de gobierno.</dcterms:abstract>
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<cc:name>German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
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<cc:address>Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20354 Hamburg</cc:address>
</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher type="cc:Publisher">
<cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:name>Hamburg University Press</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
</cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:address>Von-Melle-Park 3, 20146 Hamburg</cc:address>
</dc:publisher>
<dcterms:issued type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2017-12-04</dcterms:issued>
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<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Volume">9</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Issue">3</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></dc:rights>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></dc:rights>
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