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<dc:title lang="en">Censoring the Press: A Barometer of Government Tolerance for Anti-regime Dissent under Authoritarian Rule</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="es">Censurando a Imprensa: Um Barómetro de Tolerância Governa-mental à Dissidências Políticas sob Regimes Autoritários</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Elizabeth Ann Stein</dc:creator>
<dc:subject lang="en">Political Science; Comparative Politics; Latin American Politics</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">Brazil; authoritarian; censorship; civil society; collective action; protest; military rule</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">300; 303; 320; 321; 322</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">Ciência Política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">Brasil; autoritarismo; censura; sociedade civil; ações populares; protesto; manifestações; regime militar</dc:subject>
<dc:description lang="en">This paper proposes that dissident leaders aiming to build mass opposition movements follow the mainstream press to help them gauge government tolerance for anti-government mass actions in repressive authoritarian regimes. Under conditions of censorship, media–state interactions serve as a barometer of the government’s disposition toward and capacity to impede public displays of dissent. Observing trends in coverage and the government’s reaction to this coverage helps activist leaders assess when it should be safest to plan anti-government mass actions, such as demonstrations, marches, or strikes. Using original data derived from coding content from the Brazilian newspaper Folha de São Paulo over the period of 1974–1982, I test whether opposition mass actions followed trends in taboo content and government treatment of the press during the period of political liberalization of Brazil’s military regime.</dc:description>
<dc:description lang="es">Este artigo propõe que líderes políticos dissidentes que almejam estruturar movimentos de oposição em massa acompanham a imprensa ordinária de modo a contribuir com a avaliação da tolerância governamental à manifestações populares contra o Governo, em regimes autoritários repressivos. Sob condições de censura, as interações mídia-Estado servem como um barômetro da capacidade e disposição do Governo em impedir manifestações públicas oriundas de setores da oposição. As reportagens jornalísticas e as reações do Governo às mesmas são fontes que auxiliam os líderes opositores à avaliarem o momento mais prudente para planejar ações de massa antagônicas ao regime, tais como manifestações, marchas, e greves. A partir de dados originais derivados da codificação de conteúdo do jornal brasileiro Folha de São Paulo no período entre 1974–1982, examino se as ações populares da oposição acompanharam os padrões de conteúdo censurado, bem como o tratamento que o Governo deu à imprensa durante o período da redemocratização do Brasil, no fim do regime militar.</dc:description>
<dc:publisher lang="en">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2016-09-12</dc:date>
<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:identifier>https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/960</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-9609</dc:identifier>
<dc:source lang="en">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 8, No 2 (2016); 101-142</dc:source>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:coverage lang="en">Brazil</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="en">1964-1985, specifically 1974-1982</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">Brasil</dc:coverage>
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<title>Censoring the Press: A Barometer of Government Tolerance for Anti-regime Dissent under Authoritarian Rule</title>
<author>Elizabeth Ann Stein</author>
<date>2016-09-12</date>
<copyright><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></copyright>
<copyright><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></copyright>
<other_access>url:https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/960</other_access>
<keyword>Political Science; Comparative Politics; Latin American Politics</keyword>
<keyword>Brazil; authoritarian; censorship; civil society; collective action; protest; military rule</keyword>
<keyword>300; 303; 320; 321; 322</keyword>
<period>Array</period>
<period>Brasil</period>
<language>en</language>
<abstract>This paper proposes that dissident leaders aiming to build mass opposition movements follow the mainstream press to help them gauge government tolerance for anti-government mass actions in repressive authoritarian regimes. Under conditions of censorship, media–state interactions serve as a barometer of the government’s disposition toward and capacity to impede public displays of dissent. Observing trends in coverage and the government’s reaction to this coverage helps activist leaders assess when it should be safest to plan anti-government mass actions, such as demonstrations, marches, or strikes. Using original data derived from coding content from the Brazilian newspaper Folha de São Paulo over the period of 1974–1982, I test whether opposition mass actions followed trends in taboo content and government treatment of the press during the period of political liberalization of Brazil’s military regime.</abstract>
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<dc:title lang="eng" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Censoring the Press: A Barometer of Government Tolerance for Anti-regime Dissent under Authoritarian Rule</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="spa" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Censurando a Imprensa: Um Barómetro de Tolerância Governa-mental à Dissidências Políticas sob Regimes Autoritários</dc:title>
<dc:creator type="pc:MetaPers">
<pc:person>
<pc:name type="nameUsedByThePerson">
<pc:foreName>Elizabeth Ann</pc:foreName>
<pc:surName>Stein</pc:surName>
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</pc:person>
</dc:creator>
<dc:subject type="dcterms:DDC">300; 303; 320; 321; 322</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Political Science; Comparative Politics; Latin American Politics</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Ciência Política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Brazil; authoritarian; censorship; civil society; collective action; protest; military rule</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Brasil; autoritarismo; censura; sociedade civil; ações populares; protesto; manifestações; regime militar</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract lang="eng" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">This paper proposes that dissident leaders aiming to build mass opposition movements follow the mainstream press to help them gauge government tolerance for anti-government mass actions in repressive authoritarian regimes. Under conditions of censorship, media–state interactions serve as a barometer of the government’s disposition toward and capacity to impede public displays of dissent. Observing trends in coverage and the government’s reaction to this coverage helps activist leaders assess when it should be safest to plan anti-government mass actions, such as demonstrations, marches, or strikes. Using original data derived from coding content from the Brazilian newspaper Folha de São Paulo over the period of 1974–1982, I test whether opposition mass actions followed trends in taboo content and government treatment of the press during the period of political liberalization of Brazil’s military regime.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract lang="spa" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">Este artigo propõe que líderes políticos dissidentes que almejam estruturar movimentos de oposição em massa acompanham a imprensa ordinária de modo a contribuir com a avaliação da tolerância governamental à manifestações populares contra o Governo, em regimes autoritários repressivos. Sob condições de censura, as interações mídia-Estado servem como um barômetro da capacidade e disposição do Governo em impedir manifestações públicas oriundas de setores da oposição. As reportagens jornalísticas e as reações do Governo às mesmas são fontes que auxiliam os líderes opositores à avaliarem o momento mais prudente para planejar ações de massa antagônicas ao regime, tais como manifestações, marchas, e greves. A partir de dados originais derivados da codificação de conteúdo do jornal brasileiro Folha de São Paulo no período entre 1974–1982, examino se as ações populares da oposição acompanharam os padrões de conteúdo censurado, bem como o tratamento que o Governo deu à imprensa durante o período da redemocratização do Brasil, no fim do regime militar.</dcterms:abstract>
<dc:publisher type="cc:Publisher">
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<cc:name>German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
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<cc:address>Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20354 Hamburg</cc:address>
</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher type="cc:Publisher">
<cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:name>Hamburg University Press</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
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<cc:address>Von-Melle-Park 3, 20146 Hamburg</cc:address>
</dc:publisher>
<dcterms:issued type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2016-09-12</dcterms:issued>
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<dc:identifier type="urn:nbn">urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-9609</dc:identifier>
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<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Volume">8</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Issue">2</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></dc:rights>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></dc:rights>
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