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<dc:title lang="en">Corruption in Latin America: Understanding the Perception–Exposure Gap</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="es">Corrupção na América Latina. Entendendo a lacuna entre percepção e exposição</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Simone R. Bohn; York University, Toronto</dc:creator>
<dc:subject lang="en">Political Science</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">Latin America; Caribbean; corruption; perception; exposure; democracy</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">300; 320; 322</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">ciencia política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">América Latina; Caribe; corrupção; percepção; exposição; democracia</dc:subject>
<dc:description lang="en">What beliefs do citizens who perceive levels of corruption in their countries to be of significance hold? Do those beliefs arise from their exposure to corruption? Furthermore, do perceptual and experiential corruption decrease the reservoir of legitimacy of a democratic regime? We attempt to answer these questions using the 2012 Americas Barometer survey of 24 Latin American countries. We find that whereas “rational-choice corrup-tors,” males and, to a lesser extent, individuals with resources are particularly exposed to corruption, perceived corruption originates from a sense of impunity derived from a negative evaluation of the state’s ability to curb corruption. In addition, we show that perceived corruption significantly decreases citizen satisfaction with democracy, but exposure to corruption does not. All in all, the policy implications of our study are straightforward: having an efficient and trusted judiciary is central to curbing both experiential and perceived corruption, even if it increases the latter in the short run.</dc:description>
<dc:description lang="es">Quais são as crenças esposadas por indivíduos que acreditam haver corrupção em seu país? Essas crenças nascem em resposta à experiência direta com corrupção? Além disso, os dois fenômenos – ou seja, a percepção de corrupção e a exposição à corrupção – diminuem a reserva de legitimidade do regime democrático? Esse trabalho responde essas questões utilizando-se do survey de 24 países da América Latina e do Caribe, realizado pelo Americas Barometer em 2012. Os resultados da análise indicam que os “corruptores racionais”, os homens e, de uma certa maneira, os indivíduos mais abastados tendem a ser mais expostos à corrupção. A percepção da corrupção, por sua vez, emana de um senso de impunidade, particularmente de uma availação negativa em relação à capacidade de o estado controlar a corrupção. A análise também revela que a percepção da corrupção diminui a satisfação cidadã com o funcionamento do regime democrático, mas o mesmo não se aplica à exposição a esse fenômeno. As implicações desse estudo em termos de políticas públicas são claras. Um judiciário eficiente e visto como confiável pela população é essencial para diminuir tanto a corrupção expositiva quanto a perceptiva – ainda que a última aumente no curto prazo.</dc:description>
<dc:publisher lang="en">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2013-01-17</dc:date>
<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:identifier>https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/565</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-5654</dc:identifier>
<dc:source lang="en">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 4, No 3 (2012); 67-95</dc:source>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:coverage lang="en">Latin America</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="en">2000-2012</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="en">survey analysis</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">América Latina; Caribe</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">2000-2012</dc:coverage>
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<title>Corruption in Latin America: Understanding the Perception–Exposure Gap</title>
<author>Simone R. Bohn; York University, Toronto</author>
<date>2013-01-17</date>
<copyright><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></copyright>
<copyright><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></copyright>
<other_access>url:https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/565</other_access>
<keyword>Political Science</keyword>
<keyword>Latin America; Caribbean; corruption; perception; exposure; democracy</keyword>
<keyword>300; 320; 322</keyword>
<period>Array</period>
<period>Array</period>
<language>en</language>
<abstract>What beliefs do citizens who perceive levels of corruption in their countries to be of significance hold? Do those beliefs arise from their exposure to corruption? Furthermore, do perceptual and experiential corruption decrease the reservoir of legitimacy of a democratic regime? We attempt to answer these questions using the 2012 Americas Barometer survey of 24 Latin American countries. We find that whereas “rational-choice corrup-tors,” males and, to a lesser extent, individuals with resources are particularly exposed to corruption, perceived corruption originates from a sense of impunity derived from a negative evaluation of the state’s ability to curb corruption. In addition, we show that perceived corruption significantly decreases citizen satisfaction with democracy, but exposure to corruption does not. All in all, the policy implications of our study are straightforward: having an efficient and trusted judiciary is central to curbing both experiential and perceived corruption, even if it increases the latter in the short run.</abstract>
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<dc:title lang="eng" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Corruption in Latin America: Understanding the Perception–Exposure Gap</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="spa" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Corrupção na América Latina. Entendendo a lacuna entre percepção e exposição</dc:title>
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<dc:subject type="dcterms:DDC">300; 320; 322</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Political Science</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">ciencia política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Latin America; Caribbean; corruption; perception; exposure; democracy</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">América Latina; Caribe; corrupção; percepção; exposição; democracia</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract lang="eng" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">What beliefs do citizens who perceive levels of corruption in their countries to be of significance hold? Do those beliefs arise from their exposure to corruption? Furthermore, do perceptual and experiential corruption decrease the reservoir of legitimacy of a democratic regime? We attempt to answer these questions using the 2012 Americas Barometer survey of 24 Latin American countries. We find that whereas “rational-choice corrup-tors,” males and, to a lesser extent, individuals with resources are particularly exposed to corruption, perceived corruption originates from a sense of impunity derived from a negative evaluation of the state’s ability to curb corruption. In addition, we show that perceived corruption significantly decreases citizen satisfaction with democracy, but exposure to corruption does not. All in all, the policy implications of our study are straightforward: having an efficient and trusted judiciary is central to curbing both experiential and perceived corruption, even if it increases the latter in the short run.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract lang="spa" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">Quais são as crenças esposadas por indivíduos que acreditam haver corrupção em seu país? Essas crenças nascem em resposta à experiência direta com corrupção? Além disso, os dois fenômenos – ou seja, a percepção de corrupção e a exposição à corrupção – diminuem a reserva de legitimidade do regime democrático? Esse trabalho responde essas questões utilizando-se do survey de 24 países da América Latina e do Caribe, realizado pelo Americas Barometer em 2012. Os resultados da análise indicam que os “corruptores racionais”, os homens e, de uma certa maneira, os indivíduos mais abastados tendem a ser mais expostos à corrupção. A percepção da corrupção, por sua vez, emana de um senso de impunidade, particularmente de uma availação negativa em relação à capacidade de o estado controlar a corrupção. A análise também revela que a percepção da corrupção diminui a satisfação cidadã com o funcionamento do regime democrático, mas o mesmo não se aplica à exposição a esse fenômeno. As implicações desse estudo em termos de políticas públicas são claras. Um judiciário eficiente e visto como confiável pela população é essencial para diminuir tanto a corrupção expositiva quanto a perceptiva – ainda que a última aumente no curto prazo.</dcterms:abstract>
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<dcterms:issued type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2013-01-17</dcterms:issued>
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<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></dc:rights>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></dc:rights>
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