<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<oai_dc:dc schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
<dc:title lang="en">Considering Local Democratic Transition in Latin America</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="es">Considerando la transición democrática local en América Latina</dc:title>
<dc:creator>Gary Bland; RTI International</dc:creator>
<dc:subject lang="en">Comparative Politics; democracy; decentralization</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">Latin America; local democracy; decentralization; sub-national politics; federalism; democratic transition</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="en">320; 322; 324</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">ciencia política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject lang="es">América Latina; democracia local; descentralización; política subnacional; federalismo; transición democrática</dc:subject>
<dc:description lang="en">Drawing from well-known theories of democracy and democratic transition, this essay considers the transition to local democracy in Latin America. It raises a central question: Given the landmark decentralization of the past three decades, what constitutes local democracy in the region today and in which countries can we say it exists? Core considerations in comparing local democracy and national democracy are discussed. I present the concept of “minimum decentralization” and, using this framework, posit six procedural and institutional conditions for defining local democracy. Eighteen systems are evaluated against these conditions at the municipal and intermediate levels of government. Despite the real transfer of authority in many countries, and though several Latin American countries have established or nearly established local democracies, only a few of the local systems can be considered democratic. Though the conclusion is somewhat counter-intuitive, explanations for the slow development of decentralization and local democracy are considered.</dc:description>
<dc:description lang="es">Partiendo de teorías ampliamente conocidas sobre la democracia y la transición democrática, este ensayo analiza la transición a la democracia local en América Latina, y plantea una cuestión central: Dada la importancia de la descentralización en las tres últimas décadas, ¿qué es realmente la democracia local en la región hoy en día, y en qué países podemos decir que existe? A partir de la comparación entre la democracia local y la democracia nacional se discuten cuestiones clave. Introduzco el concepto de “descentralización mínima” y planteo seis condiciones de procedimiento e institucionales que definen la democracia local. En ese marco conceptual se evalúan dieciocho sistemas nacionales en los niveles locales e intermedios de gobierno. A pesar de que en muchos países se ha producido una real transferencia de autoridad, y aunque algunos países latinoamericanos han establecido o casi establecido democracias locales, sólo algunos de los sistemas locales pueden considerarse efectivamente democráticos. Si bien la conclusión es de alguna manera contraria a lo esperado, se discuten diversas explicaciones sobre el lento desarrollo de la descentralización y la democracia local.</dc:description>
<dc:publisher lang="en">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2011-05-09</dc:date>
<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:identifier>https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier>urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-3991</dc:identifier>
<dc:source lang="en">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 3, No 1 (2011); 65-98</dc:source>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:coverage lang="en">Latin America</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="en">1980-2011</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">América Latina</dc:coverage>
<dc:coverage lang="es">1980-2011</dc:coverage>
<dc:rights lang="en"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></dc:rights>
<dc:rights lang="es"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<epicur schemaLocation="urn:nbn:de:1111-2004033116 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:1111-2004033116">
<administrative_data>
<delivery>
</delivery>
</administrative_data>
<record>
<identifier scheme="urn:nbn:de">urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-3991</identifier>
<resource>
<identifier role="primary" scheme="url" type="frontpage">https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</identifier>
<format scheme="imt">text/html</format>
</resource>
</record>
</epicur>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<record schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/schema/MARC21slim.xsd">
<leader>cam 3u</leader>
<controlfield tag="008">"110509 2011 eng "</controlfield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="042">
<subfield code="a">dc</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1="0" ind2="0" tag="245">
<subfield code="a">Considering Local Democratic Transition in Latin America</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="720">
<subfield code="a">Gary Bland; RTI International</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">Comparative Politics; democracy; decentralization</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">Latin America; local democracy; decentralization; sub-national politics; federalism; democratic transition</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="653">
<subfield code="a">320; 322; 324</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="520">
<subfield code="a">Drawing from well-known theories of democracy and democratic transition, this essay considers the transition to local democracy in Latin America. It raises a central question: Given the landmark decentralization of the past three decades, what constitutes local democracy in the region today and in which countries can we say it exists? Core considerations in comparing local democracy and national democracy are discussed. I present the concept of “minimum decentralization” and, using this framework, posit six procedural and institutional conditions for defining local democracy. Eighteen systems are evaluated against these conditions at the municipal and intermediate levels of government. Despite the real transfer of authority in many countries, and though several Latin American countries have established or nearly established local democracies, only a few of the local systems can be considered democratic. Though the conclusion is somewhat counter-intuitive, explanations for the slow development of decentralization and local democracy are considered.</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="260">
<subfield code="b">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="720">
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="260">
<subfield code="c">2011-05-09</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2="7" tag="655">
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="856">
<subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1="4" ind2="0" tag="856">
<subfield code="u">https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1="0" ind2=" " tag="786">
<subfield code="n">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 3, No 1 (2011); 65-98</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="546">
<subfield code="a">en</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="500">
<subfield code="a">Latin America</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="500">
<subfield code="a">1980-2011</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield ind1=" " ind2=" " tag="540">
<subfield code="a"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></subfield>
</datafield>
</record>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<oai_marc catForm="u" encLvl="3" level="m" status="c" type="a" schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/1.1/oai_marc http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/1.1/oai_marc.xsd">
<fixfield id="008">"110509 2011 eng "</fixfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="042">
<subfield label="a">dc</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1="0" i2="0" id="245">
<subfield label="a">Considering Local Democratic Transition in Latin America</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="720">
<subfield label="a">Gary Bland; RTI International</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="653">
<subfield label="a">Comparative Politics; democracy; decentralization</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="653">
<subfield label="a">Latin America; local democracy; decentralization; sub-national politics; federalism; democratic transition</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="653">
<subfield label="a">320; 322; 324</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="520">
<subfield label="a">Drawing from well-known theories of democracy and democratic transition, this essay considers the transition to local democracy in Latin America. It raises a central question: Given the landmark decentralization of the past three decades, what constitutes local democracy in the region today and in which countries can we say it exists? Core considerations in comparing local democracy and national democracy are discussed. I present the concept of “minimum decentralization” and, using this framework, posit six procedural and institutional conditions for defining local democracy. Eighteen systems are evaluated against these conditions at the municipal and intermediate levels of government. Despite the real transfer of authority in many countries, and though several Latin American countries have established or nearly established local democracies, only a few of the local systems can be considered democratic. Though the conclusion is somewhat counter-intuitive, explanations for the slow development of decentralization and local democracy are considered.</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="260">
<subfield label="b">GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="720">
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="260">
<subfield label="c">2011-05-09</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2="7" id="655">
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="856">
<subfield label="q">application/pdf</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1="4" i2="0" id="856">
<subfield label="u">https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1="0" i2=" " id="786">
<subfield label="n">Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 3, No 1 (2011); 65-98</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="546">
<subfield label="a">en</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="500">
<subfield label="a">Latin America</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="500">
<subfield label="a">1980-2011</subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="540">
<subfield label="a"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></subfield>
</varfield>
<varfield i1=" " i2=" " id="540">
<subfield label="a"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></subfield>
</varfield>
</oai_marc>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<rfc1807 schemaLocation="http://info.internet.isi.edu:80/in-notes/rfc/files/rfc1807.txt http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/1.1/rfc1807.xsd">
<bib-version>v2</bib-version>
<id>https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</id>
<entry>2011-05-09T11:59:31Z</entry>
<organization>GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies</organization>
<organization>Journal of Politics in Latin America; Vol 3, No 1 (2011)</organization>
<title>Considering Local Democratic Transition in Latin America</title>
<author>Gary Bland; RTI International</author>
<date>2011-05-09</date>
<copyright><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></copyright>
<copyright><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></copyright>
<other_access>url:https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</other_access>
<keyword>Comparative Politics; democracy; decentralization</keyword>
<keyword>Latin America; local democracy; decentralization; sub-national politics; federalism; democratic transition</keyword>
<keyword>320; 322; 324</keyword>
<period>Array</period>
<period>Array</period>
<language>en</language>
<abstract>Drawing from well-known theories of democracy and democratic transition, this essay considers the transition to local democracy in Latin America. It raises a central question: Given the landmark decentralization of the past three decades, what constitutes local democracy in the region today and in which countries can we say it exists? Core considerations in comparing local democracy and national democracy are discussed. I present the concept of “minimum decentralization” and, using this framework, posit six procedural and institutional conditions for defining local democracy. Eighteen systems are evaluated against these conditions at the municipal and intermediate levels of government. Despite the real transfer of authority in many countries, and though several Latin American countries have established or nearly established local democracies, only a few of the local systems can be considered democratic. Though the conclusion is somewhat counter-intuitive, explanations for the slow development of decentralization and local democracy are considered.</abstract>
</rfc1807>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<xMetaDiss:xMetaDiss schemaLocation="http://www.d-nb.de/standards/xmetadissplus/ http://files.dnb.de/standards/xmetadissplus/xmetadissplus.xsd">
<dc:title lang="eng" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Considering Local Democratic Transition in Latin America</dc:title>
<dc:title lang="spa" type="ddb:titleISO639-2">Considerando la transición democrática local en América Latina</dc:title>
<dc:creator type="pc:MetaPers">
<pc:person>
<pc:name type="nameUsedByThePerson">
<pc:foreName>Gary</pc:foreName>
<pc:surName>Bland</pc:surName>
</pc:name>
</pc:person>
</dc:creator>
<dc:subject type="dcterms:DDC">320; 322; 324</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Comparative Politics; democracy; decentralization</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">ciencia política</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">Latin America; local democracy; decentralization; sub-national politics; federalism; democratic transition</dc:subject>
<dc:subject type="xMetaDiss:noScheme">América Latina; democracia local; descentralización; política subnacional; federalismo; transición democrática</dc:subject>
<dcterms:abstract lang="eng" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">Drawing from well-known theories of democracy and democratic transition, this essay considers the transition to local democracy in Latin America. It raises a central question: Given the landmark decentralization of the past three decades, what constitutes local democracy in the region today and in which countries can we say it exists? Core considerations in comparing local democracy and national democracy are discussed. I present the concept of “minimum decentralization” and, using this framework, posit six procedural and institutional conditions for defining local democracy. Eighteen systems are evaluated against these conditions at the municipal and intermediate levels of government. Despite the real transfer of authority in many countries, and though several Latin American countries have established or nearly established local democracies, only a few of the local systems can be considered democratic. Though the conclusion is somewhat counter-intuitive, explanations for the slow development of decentralization and local democracy are considered.</dcterms:abstract>
<dcterms:abstract lang="spa" type="ddb:contentISO639-2">Partiendo de teorías ampliamente conocidas sobre la democracia y la transición democrática, este ensayo analiza la transición a la democracia local en América Latina, y plantea una cuestión central: Dada la importancia de la descentralización en las tres últimas décadas, ¿qué es realmente la democracia local en la región hoy en día, y en qué países podemos decir que existe? A partir de la comparación entre la democracia local y la democracia nacional se discuten cuestiones clave. Introduzco el concepto de “descentralización mínima” y planteo seis condiciones de procedimiento e institucionales que definen la democracia local. En ese marco conceptual se evalúan dieciocho sistemas nacionales en los niveles locales e intermedios de gobierno. A pesar de que en muchos países se ha producido una real transferencia de autoridad, y aunque algunos países latinoamericanos han establecido o casi establecido democracias locales, sólo algunos de los sistemas locales pueden considerarse efectivamente democráticos. Si bien la conclusión es de alguna manera contraria a lo esperado, se discuten diversas explicaciones sobre el lento desarrollo de la descentralización y la democracia local.</dcterms:abstract>
<dc:publisher type="cc:Publisher">
<cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:name>German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
</cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:address>Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20354 Hamburg</cc:address>
</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher type="cc:Publisher">
<cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:name>Hamburg University Press</cc:name>
<cc:place>Hamburg</cc:place>
</cc:universityOrInstitution>
<cc:address>Von-Melle-Park 3, 20146 Hamburg</cc:address>
</dc:publisher>
<dcterms:issued type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2011-05-09</dcterms:issued>
<dc:type type="dini:PublType">article</dc:type>
<dc:identifier type="urn:nbn">urn:nbn:de:gbv:18-4-3991</dc:identifier>
<dcterms:medium type="dcterms:IMT">application/pdf</dcterms:medium>
<dc:language type="dcterms:ISO639-2">eng</dc:language>
<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZSTitelID">1868-4890</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Volume">3</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dcterms:isPartOf type="ddb:ZS-Issue">1</dcterms:isPartOf>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Authors' Certification</strong><br /><br />In submitting the manuscript, the authors certify that: <br /><br /> 1. They are authorised by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements. <br /><br /> 2. The submitted manuscript is original and has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis or working paper), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication has been approved by all the authors and that the authors have full authority to enter into this agreement. <br /><br /> 3. They warrant and represent that they have the full power and authority to enter into and execute this agreement and to convey the rights granted herein, and that such rights are not now subject to prior assignment, transfer or other encumbrance. This also applies to the text and photo originals attained from other sources (for which the authors have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere). <br /><br /> 4. Their manuscript contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy. <br /><br /> 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process undertaken by a third party as a result of the authors’ actions under points 1, 2, 3, and 4, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of the third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. <br /><br />6. They agree to the following license and copyright agreement: </p><ul><strong>Copyright Agreement</strong><br /><br /> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /> 1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication in print and online. The work is distributed under the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works License</a>, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. However, the work may not be altered or transformed. The license is valid for both electronic and paper copies. <br /> 2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /> 3. Authors grant GIGA commercial rights to produce hardcopy volumes of the journal for sale to libraries and individuals, as well as to integrate the work, its title, and its abstract in databases, abstracting and indexing services, and other similar information sources.<br /> 4. Court of jurisdiction is Hamburg, Germany. <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank"><br /><br />The full legal code of this license</a> (in German)</ul></dc:rights>
<dc:rights type="ddb:noScheme"><p><strong>Certificación del autor</strong><br /><br /> Al enviar el manuscrito, los autores certifican que: <br /><br />1. Están autorizados por sus coautores para hacerlo. <br /><br />2. El manuscrito enviado es original y no ha sido publicado con anterioridad (excepto en forma de resumen o como parte de una conferencia publicada, reseña, tesis o documento de trabajo); no está siendo examinado para su publicación por ninguna otra revista; su publicación ha sido aprobada por todos los autores; y, los autores tienen plena autoridad para realizar este acuerdo. <br /><br />3. Declaran que tienen plena autoridad sobre los derechos del manuscrito y que el manuscrito es libre de derechos de terceros. Esa declaración se refiere a todas las partes del manuscrito y a todo material entregado, incluyendo a textos y material fotográfico de terceros. <br /><br />4. El manuscrito no contiene nada ilegal ni difamatorio ni que, de ser publicado, pudiese constituir una violación contractual o de la confianza o del compromiso de confidencialidad. <br /><br />5. En caso terceros demanden a las partes de este contrato, individual o conjuntamente, en base a las acciones de los autores especificadas en los párrafos 1, 2, 3 y 4, sea por indemnización o por gastos judiciales, los autores liberarán al GIGA de los reclamos de terceros y cubrirán eventuales gastos judiciales del GIGA.<br /><br /> 6. Acceden al siguiente acuerdo de licencia y copyright: </p><ul>Los Autores de Acuerdo de Copyright que publican en esta publicación están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos: <br />1. Los autores conservan el copyright y proporcionan a la revista el derecho de primera publicación impresa y en línea. La obra se distribuye bajo la <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">Licencia Creative Commons Attribution No-Derivative Works</a>, que permite que terceros compartan el trabajo reconociendo la autoría del mismo y su primera publicación en esta revista. Sin embargo, la obra no puede ser alterada ni transformada. La licencia es válida para copias electrónicas y en papel. <br />2. Los autores pueden llegar a acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicada en la revista (p. ej. enviarla a un archivo institucional o publicarla en un libro), especificando que fue publicada por primera vez en esta revista. <br />3. Los autores otorgan a GIGA derechos comerciales para producir ejemplares en papel de la revista para su venta a bibliotecas y particulares, así como para incluir el trabajo, su título y su resumen en bases de datos, servicios de resúmenes e indexado y otras fuentes de información similares. <br />4. El tribunal competente es el de Hamburgo (Alemania).<br /><br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/de/legalcode" target="_blank">Código legal completo de esta licencia</a> (en alemán)</ul></dc:rights>
<ddb:fileNumber>1</ddb:fileNumber>
<ddb:fileProperties fileName="399-422-1-PB.pdf">399-422-1-PB.pdf</ddb:fileProperties>
<ddb:transfer type="dcterms:URI">https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/download/399/397</ddb:transfer>
<ddb:identifier type="URL">https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/399</ddb:identifier>
</xMetaDiss:xMetaDiss>